Is the Billionaire Tax Fair?

A recent article in Forbes magazine breaks it down. Here’s a summary: 

According to Economist Dean Baker (Center for Economic and Policy Research), the California billionaire tax can look punishing on paper, but it actually partially mitigates the tax breaks that our tax system grants the very wealthy. Even though it can seem like California has one of the highest income tax rates in the country, these rates only apply to ordinary income such as wages and salaries — and billionaires rarely live on wages and salaries. Most of their income comes from capital gains and business equity. Long-term capital gains face a top federal tax rate of 20%, which is well below the top federal wage tax rate. States also don’t tax unrealized gains, and as a result, large increases in wealth can go untaxed for years - or decades.

UC Berkeley economists Akcan S. Balkir, Emmanuel Saez, Danny Yagan, and Gabriel Zucman have found that the richest Americans pay an effective tax rate of about 24%, compared with about 30% for the average U.S. household. Actually, high-wage earners can pay closer to 45% because earners get most of their income from working. By contrast, the wealthy get most of their income from owning. It is a sobering truth is that labor is taxed more than capital.

California currently has no state estate or inheritance tax, relying solely on the federal estate tax, which in 2025 exempted the first $13.99 million per individual —$27.98 million for couples - meaning that only the wealthiest estates face taxation. The elimination of California’s state-level estate tax in 1982 substantially reduced tax burdens on California’s wealthy by allowing the transfer of intergenerational wealth.

In addition, high-priced property is treated well in California. California’s Proposition 13 of 1978 caps the general property tax rate and limits increases in a property’s assessed value. Long-tenure owners can end up with assessed values far below market values, which disproportionately advantages high-income/high-wealth households who are more likely to own property, own higher-value property, and are able to hold onto their property. California has historically allowed these tax breaks to be passed on to their heirs.

Over the last decade or so, California’s high priced homes in LA and San Francisco increased in value over 85% and 77% respectively. In contrast, average hourly earnings for California’s total private workforce rose only 49%.

In such a system, workers are falling behind. Interestingly, political agreement is emerging across ideological lines that the wealth gap is too large and it is destabilizing. Federal Reserve data shows that in 2025 the top 1% of U.S. households held over 31% of all wealth — the highest share since tracking began in 1989 — while the bottom 50% held just 2.5%.


Editor’s Note:

Recent coverage of California’s proposed billionaire tax has appeared in major outlets, including the Los Angeles Times. It is also worth noting that many large news organizations operate within ownership structures shaped by immense private wealth. The Los Angeles Times, for example, is owned by biotech billionaire Patrick Soon-Shiong. This does not determine the conclusions of any individual article, but it is part of the landscape in which debates about taxing extreme wealth are reported and discussed. Readers should keep that context in mind as the conversation around the billionaire tax continues.


Pamela Nagler Pamela Nagler is finishing her book, Unceded Land, Indigenous California and the Foreign Invasions: Spanish, Mexican, Russian, US.

Who are the Billionaires Opposing California’s Proposed “Billionaire Tax”?

Right now, people in California are circulating petitions to place a “Billionaire Tax” on California’s November ballot. If passed, it would impose a one-time tax of 5% on California’s tax residents whose net worth is $1 billion or more. The initiative, sponsored by the SEIU-United Healthcare Workers West (SEIU-UHW), would only target a small number of Californians - just slightly more than 200 - but would benefit approximately 3.4 million Californians who are presently at risk of losing their Medi-Cal due to recent massive funding cuts at the federal level. The California billionaire's tax initiative requires at least 874,641 valid signatures for it to appear on the ballot - a threshold the petitioners are likely to easily meet. Read

California has the most billionaires of any U.S. state and many - though certainly not all -  oppose this tax initiative. Some are funding the opposition movement - others are actively voicing their opposition - and a handful have moved out of state to avoid paying. Many who oppose - again not all - are Silicon Valley billionaires. The New York Times reported on a recent conference that convened in Orange County advising billionaires on how to avoid paying. Half-jokingly, advisors told billionaires to get divorced. They also advised “moving their Picassos” out of state or spending down their banking accounts by buying up properties elsewhere. Read  

Here’s a short list of the California billionaires who are funding the opposition:

Google co-founder Sergey Brin (net worth $242 billion) has contributed $20 million to establish the political action committee, "Building a Better California"  in January of 2026, aimed at defeating the tax initiative. Read


Cryto-currency executive, Ripple co-founder Chris Larsen (net worth $10 billion) has contributed $5 million to the opposition movement. Read

PayPal and Palantir co-founder Peter Thiel (net worth $26 billion) made a $3 million donation in late December 2025 to the California Business Roundtable, a major lobbying group opposing the measure. Read

SV Angel founder Ron Conway (net worth $1.5 billion) has contributed $100,000 to the “Stop the Squeeze" committee to oppose the measure.

According to a New York Times’ January 28, 2026 article, other seven-figure contributors to "Building a Better California" include prominent investors John Doerr (net worth $11.9 billion) and Michael Moritz (net worth ($5.6 billion); Stripe chief executive Patrick Collison (net worth $11.5 billion), a longtime advocate on housing issues; Former Google CEO Eric Schmidt (net worth $54.5 billion), and Stewart Resnick (net worth combined with his wife, $11 billion), who owns a farming empire that produces oranges, pistachios and POM Wonderful juice. Read

Two of the top funders of the anti-Billionaire Tax campaign, Sergey Brin and Peter Thiel, are also Trump supporters. They have something else in common - according to the Epstein Files, both associated with convicted sex offender Jeffrey Epstein.

Sergey Brin, one of the world’s richest men, began supporting Trump in 2025. In December 2024, he attended a dinner at Mar-a-Lago with Trump and was seated in a prime spot at the 2025 inauguration. In September 2025, Brin publicly praised the Trump administration for supporting AI companies, stating he was "very grateful" for the administration's backing. His company Google contributed $1 million to the inauguration fund for Trump in 2025.

During the first decade of the 2000s, Sergey Brin visited Mr. Epstein’s private island near St. Thomas, made plans to dine at Mr. Epstein’s Upper East Side home, and corresponded with Ghislaine Maxwell, Jeffrey Epstein’s longtime companion, convicted as Epstein’s co-conspirator in 2021. Read


In the Epstein files, Sergey Brin appears in an undated photograph on a patio looking out to a tropical destination with women whose faces are redacted. Another document shows that one of Epstein’s accusers told the Epstein Victims Claims Administrator that she met Sergey Brin and his then-wife when they spent a day on Epstein’s island in January 2007 with Jean-Luc Brunel, a modeling agent who died in 2022 in prison while awaiting trial on sex-trafficking charges. Read

Sergey Brin associated with Jeffrey Epstein prior to Epstein’s 2028 conviction for sex trafficking of minors and conspiracy to commit sex trafficking of minors, which has given him the opportunity of denying knowing about Epstein’s heinous crimes - at least to some people, in some circles.

Peter Thiel,  a key early supporter of Donald Trump in 2016, provided crucial donor, industry, and strategic support to his campaign. In 2016, Thiel delivered a speech at the Republican National Convention highlighting his support for Trump as a "political outsider.” He later served on the Trump administration’s transition team.

While Sergey Brin is mentioned in the Epstein files 4 times, Peter Thiel is mentioned some 2,200 times. Their relationship began after Epstein’s initial arrest and conviction in 2008. So fart, the interactions between Peter Thiel and Jeffrey Epstein appear to be all business-related. According to the documents, Peter Thiel had a continuous, long-term business relationship with the sex offender  that involved investments, private meetings, and advice from 2014-2019, the year Epstein was convicted for the second time.

In an August 2024 podcast, Peter Thiel revealed that he met Epstein starting in 2014. He was first introduced to Epstein by LinkedIn co-founder Reid Hoffman, another California billionaire who has voiced his opposition to the Billionaires/ Tax. According to the Wall Street Journal, Hoffman actually visited Epstein’s private island, Little St. James, in 2014. Read

Both the U.S. and the Israeli government are relying on Peter Thiel’s company, Palantir Technologies - the U.S. for its anti-immigration efforts and now its war with Israel on Iran. Israel has previously relied on Palantir, for among other things, its war on Gaza against Palestinians, but also its war on Lebanon.

Palantir has contracts with both the U.S. and Israeli governments. Founded in 2003 with seed funding from the CIA, the company specializes in artificial intelligence (AI) and software that aggregates, cleans, and analyzes massive, disparate datasets to find hidden patterns. Critics of Palantir consider it a dangerous corporation because its technology enables advanced mass surveillance, aids immigration enforcement (ICE), and powers military targeting systems with minimal public oversight or accountability. In February of 2026, the U.S. Department of Homeland Security negotiated a $1 billion purchasing agreement with Palantir, reinforced its already-existing  contracts that aid in arresting and detaining immigrants. Read

Reid Hoffman has stated that he included Peter Thiel, along with the world’s richest man, Elon Musk (net worth $900 billion)  and Facebook founder Mark Zuckerberg (net worth 227 billion), at an August 2015 dinner party in Silicon Valley that also included Epstein. No surprises here - all four of these men oppose the Billionaire’s Tax.

Elon Musk, a former advisor to Trump,  recently called a national effort to impose any tax on billionaires “stupid." He contends that taxing billionaires would eventually lead to tax hikes for the middle class. Musk recently moved his residence and Tesla's headquarters from California to Texas. PBS, Yahoo Business

Various news outlets have reported that Mark Zuckerberg has moved to Florida to escape California’s billionaire tax.

Here’s a short list of other California billionaires who have moved to avoid the billionaire tax:

Sergey Brin
and his fellow Google co-founder, Larry Page (net worth $262 billion) are in the process of setting up new residences and businesses in Florida and Nevada. Brin just moved to a $42 million mansion on the Nevada side of Lake Taboe, and Page has reportedly moved out of the state, with associated LLCs filing in Florida. Read

PayPal and Palantir co-founder Peter Thiel has expanded his Florida footprint and is moving his operations away from Los Angeles.

David Sacks (net worth $2 billion) left California for Texas in late 2025/early 2026. David Sacks, a prominent technology entrepreneur, investor, and former San Francisco resident often described as a billionaire and a member of the "PayPal Mafia,”  is currently serving in the Trump administration as Trump’s crypto/AI advisor. The New York Times recently ran an article on Sacks, titled, Silicon Valley’s Man in the White House Is Benefiting Himself and His Friends: David Sacks, the Trump administration’s A.I. and crypto czar, has helped formulate policies that aid his Silicon Valley friends and many of his own tech investments. Read

David Sacks’ business partner, Bill Lee, co-founder of Craft Ventures, recently relocated to Austin with Sacks to work out of the new Texas headquarters.

Oracle founder Larry Ellison (net worth $225 billion) sold his California home and moved to Hawaii.

Trump supporter Don Hankey (net worth $7.4 billion),  known for his high-interest auto loans and facilitating a $175 million bond for Trump's New York civil fraud case, has moved to Nevada in anticipation of the tax. Read

And, what about the politicians?  Current Governor Gavin Newsom (wealthy, but not a billionaire) is denouncing the measure as ruinous and has vowed to stop it. His allies are running the "Stop the Squeeze" campaign.

However,current California gubernatorial candidate and billionaire Tom Steyer (net worth $2 billion) supports the tax. In his recent substack, he said, “If there’s an opportunity to tax wealthy people to fund health care and education, I’d vote for it all day long.”  Read


Author’s Note: The billionaires’ net worths cited in this article were mostly sourced from a Business Insider article published June 10, 2926. As billionaire assets are always in flux, these figures are merel approximations. Read
Further reading:

On the split between Democrats who support the Billionaire Tax and those who don’t: Read

List of who supports and who opposes


Editors Note

When some of the wealthiest Californians frame this as “taxation without representation,” it’s worth remembering that the phrase originally described colonists taxed by a distant monarchy. Those affected by California’s 2026 Billionaire Tax Act are not disenfranchised subjects of an empire. They are among the most politically connected actors in the country.

If anyone is underrepresented in our tax structure, it may be the millions of wage earners whose labor is taxed more heavily than capital.


Pamela Nagler Pamela Nagler is finishing her book, Unceded Land, Indigenous California and the Foreign Invasions: Spanish, Mexican, Russian, US.

Everything Starts Underground, Until the Underground Becomes a Scene

Timothy Miller’s The Hippies and American Values does something many books about the 1960s don’t. It doesn’t romanticize hippies. It doesn’t mock them either. It treats them seriously. Not as clichés. Not as an aesthetic. But as people trying to build a different way to live.

Miller looks at hippies as a moral and cultural movement. His focus isn’t elections or legislation. It’s everyday life, sex, drugs, music, community, and the rejection of mainstream expectations.

Reading the book now, more than thirty years later, it feels less like history and more like a mirror.


The Promise of Free Love

Free love was one of the most visible ideas of hippie culture. No sexual shame. No rigid monogamy. No moral policing tied to marriage.

In theory, it meant intimacy without ownership. Sex without the heavy rules that defined earlier generations.

It also carried a quieter radicalism: interracial relationships, queer visibility, nontraditional partnerships,  all pushing against a society that still treated many of these as taboo or deviant.

In the late 1960s, interracial marriage itself was still illegal in parts of the United States. So crossing racial lines wasn’t just personal. It was socially defiant.

But ideals don’t erase reality.

Photography John Wehrheim ©1970

The Reality Inside Hippie Spaces

For a movement that spoke constantly about freedom and community, hippie culture was often overwhelmingly white.

Appropriation vs. Inclusion

Hippies embraced Black music, Eastern spirituality, Indigenous imagery, and non-Western philosophy. But the presence of actual Black and Brown participants was far less consistent.

Borrowing culture did not always mean sharing space.

Interracial Sex

Interracial intimacy existed. Sometimes it was celebrated. Sometimes it was fetishized. Desire moved across racial lines, but it wasn’t free from stereotype, assumption, and power. No one entered these encounters untouched by the myths America had already written onto race and sex.

Much of hippie mythology centers whiteness, even though Latino, Indigenous, and Black cultural influences shaped the music, aesthetics, and spiritual language of the era. The counterculture imagined itself universal. In practice, participation did not always equal visibility, and the same boundaries it claimed to reject often persisted.

What looked like openness could still carry the same old inequalities.

Gender and Power

Free love didn’t automatically level the field. Women, especially women of color, often navigated a mix of liberation and pressure. Being “evolved” sometimes meant suppressing discomfort. Boundaries could be framed as repression rather than preference.

Freedom, even here, had uneven edges.

Free Love Didn’t Age Gracefully

Free love sounded simple. No rules. No jealousy. No shame. Just honesty and desire. And to be fair, it did crack something open. It challenged sexual conservatism and loosened norms that had long constrained women’s autonomy. But removing rules doesn’t automatically create fairness. Power didn’t disappear. It just changed clothes.

Then Came #MeToo

#MeToo didn’t end the idea of sexual freedom. It challenged the mythology surrounding it.

For many people, it genuinely felt like harmless liberation. But that experience didn’t cancel out the blurred lines, uneven power, and pressures others were navigating at the same time.

Jealousy wasn’t just discouraged, it could be treated as moral failure. Boundaries weren’t always respected, they were sometimes framed as repression.

Freedom became something people were expected to perform.

#MeToo forced a harder question:

Who actually benefited from this version of freedom?

Accountability vs. Nostalgia

What shifted culturally wasn’t sexuality.  It was tolerance for imbalance. Behaviors once minimized or excused suddenly had names, such as coercion, manipulation, and abuse of power. Free love didn’t collapse under puritanism. It collided with accountability.

The Hippie That Never Fully Disappeared

One of the book’s unexpected resonances is how often hippie culture keeps resurfacing.

Photography Julian Lucas ©1997

The 1990s saw its own revival: thrift store aesthetics, neo-psychedelia, rave culture’s utopian language, the soft return of anti-corporate identity. Tie-dye came back. So did talk of dropping out, tuning in, living differently.

And today, since history repeats itself. The younger generations borrow the visual grammar again such as , crystals, vintage clothing, although now overpriced. Good vibes, spiritual curiosity, and anti-work rhetoric. Only now the flower child carries a smartphone and posts themselves engaging in curated liberation.  

The commune has now become a group text. The rebellion becomes content. The identity becomes a brand.

Even body liberation shifted in form. What once challenged sexual repression now appears online as hashtags like #FreeTheNipple, part protest, part aesthetic, part performance.

Miller’s Most Durable Insight

Miller’s strongest argument still holds. Hippies didn’t reject American values outright. They radicalized them. Freedom, individuality, authenticity, and pleasure.

These weren’t radical ideas. They were already embedded in American mythology. Hippies simply pushed them further, sometimes toward liberation, sometimes toward contradiction. 

The counterculture began underground. Hippie identity did not stay there. What started as resistance slowly became style, then a scene, then a marketable persona. The counterculture wasn’t separate from America. It became one of America’s most successful products.

Why This Book Still Matters

The values Miller documents didn’t disappear. They were absorbed, repackaged, and monetized. Sexual openness bled into a culture where people expose their intimate lives to dating app corporations. Psychedelic exploration resurfaced as a profitable therapy market. Spiritual curiosity became the wellness industry. Even authenticity hardened into marketing strategy. What began as resistance became lifestyle. What began as critique became commodity.

Final Thought

The Hippies and American Values remains valuable because it captures the counterculture before its afterlife fully unfolded.  Before rebellion became branding.  Before free love met accountability. Before “authenticity” became a sales pitch. Miller doesn’t romanticize hippies, and he doesn’t mock them either. He treats them as human. Which, decades later, feels like the most honest thing a book about the Sixties can do.


Timothy Miller, The Hippies and American Values (University of Tennessee Press, 1991)


Julian Lucas is a darkroom photographer, writer, and a bookseller, though photography remains his primary language. He is the founder of Mirrored Society Book Shop, publisher of The Pomonan, and creator of Book-Store and Print Pomona Art Book Fair. And yes he will charge you 2.5 Million for event photography.

Malcolm X and the Question of Christianity in America

The Christian church in this country is the most segregated institution in America.

You go to church on Sunday and you worship a white God. You listen to a white preacher tell you to be patient, to love your enemy, to wait for justice in the next life, while injustice is practiced against you in this one.

I’m not against Christianity.
I’m against the way Christianity is practiced in America.

If Christianity were being practiced the way it was taught, Black people would not be in the condition they’re in today. You wouldn’t need civil rights legislation. You wouldn’t need demonstrations. You wouldn’t need to beg for rights that are supposed to already belong to you.

The same people who preach love and brotherhood on Sunday are the same ones who deny you housing, deny you education, deny you employment, and send you to fight wars for a country that won’t protect you at home.

Religion in America has been used to make people suffer peacefully.

It has been used to teach you to turn the other cheek while someone keeps their knee on your neck. It has been used to tell you that obedience is morality, and silence is virtue.

The government, the press, and the church work together. They don’t operate separately. They operate together to maintain the same system — and that system is not designed for your freedom.

If Christianity were truly a religion of justice in this country, it would not be standing on the sidelines while Black people are brutalized. It would not be silent while violence is committed in the name of law and order. It would not bless wars abroad while denying humanity at home.

I don’t judge a religion by what it says.
I judge it by what it does.

And when you look at what Christianity has done for Black people in America, you have to ask yourself a serious question:

If Christianity is right, why is America so wrong?


Sources

  • The Autobiography of Malcolm X (1965)

  • “Message to the Grassroots” (Detroit, 1963)

  • “The Ballot or the Bullet” (Cleveland & Detroit, 1964)

  • “God’s Judgment of White America” (New York, 1963)

  • Interviews with Louis Lomax (1963)

  • University lectures and public Q&A sessions, 1962–1965

Malcolm X (1925–1965) was a human rights activist, internationalist, and one of the most incisive critics of American racism, imperialism, and religious hypocrisy. His speeches and writings challenged the moral contradictions of a nation that professed democracy and Christian values while practicing segregation, state violence, and global domination.

Why Suburbia Misunderstands Everything: Geography, Insulation, Nuance, and the Politics of Distance

Photography Julian Lucas ©2021

The title is most definitely a blanket statement. However in my interactions with many who live in the suburbs, I’ve found the misunderstanding isn’t random or accidental. It’s almost consistent and patterned. It presents itself in the same places, around the same issues, with the same confidence. What reads as ignorance is usually something more structural. It’s a way of thinking shaped by distance, insulation, and a daily life that rarely demands engagement with complexity.

There is a long American tradition of believing that proximity produces danger and distance produces clarity. The suburb was built on that belief, engineered as both a physical and psychological buffer from the complexities of big city life. And over decades, that distance hardened into a worldview. Not an accidental one, but a worldview shaped by planning decisions, racial covenants, policing practices, school funding structures, and a moral geography that equates separation with superiority.

In theory, the digital age should have neutralized this.

If information is everywhere, ignorance shouldn’t have a zip code.

But suburbia proves that information access and information literacy are not the same thing.

What follows isn’t a satire of the suburbs, that’s too easy.

It’s an examination of why so many suburban communities remain misinformed about the social issues they speak most confidently about. And yes, I’ll let a few subtle jabs leak through. I’m only human.

Urban scholars like William Julius Wilson and Loïc Wacquant have long argued that proximity to social institutions, courts, shelters, jails, social services, hospitals, produces a different form of political understanding. Not better or worse, just grounded.

Suburbia, by contrast, was designed through very deliberate public policy to avoid these institutions altogether.

Mortgage subsidies rewarded flight.

Zoning laws kept multi-family housing out.

Highways pushed poverty elsewhere. Redlining concentrated racialized disadvantage into the city.

Federally backed mortgage subsidies rewarded flight, a process that came to be known as white flight, insulating white, middle class suburbia from exposure to inequality while concentrating risk and enforcement elsewhere. That pattern didn’t stop at the city line. As Black families later gained access to suburban housing, the same logic repeated itself within suburbia, producing new lines of departure, new pockets of insulation, and the same avoidance of proximity.

This is why race continues to surface in debates where some insist it doesn’t belong. For many white suburban residents, policy feels abstract, detached from identity, history, or exposure. But for communities shaped by racialized enforcement and exclusion, race isn’t a lens applied after the fact; it’s the context the policy operates within. The refusal to engage that context isn’t neutrality. It’s the privilege of never having to.

These systems didn’t just shape neighborhoods, they shaped how people view the world.

Sociologist Douglas Massey calls this the “architecture of inequality.”

It isn’t just about where people live, it’s about what they do not have to see.

Distance became a lifestyle.

And eventually, a belief system.

When your lived environment is stable and predictable, your worldview tends to simplify.

Robert Sampson’s research on collective efficacy shows that stable, homogeneous neighborhoods often develop a kind of social confidence, a belief that people like us behave properly and systems behave properly toward us.

This becomes the foundation for slogans that feel like moral law:

  • “If you follow the rules, you’ll be fine.”

  • “Just do things the right way.”

  • “Crime is a result of bad choices.”

  • “People who struggle must have caused it themselves.”

These aren’t malicious statements; they’re statements made by people who have never experienced the alternative. Safety creates linear thinking.

Where nothing bends, nothing is questioned.

Most suburbs remain socially and racially homogeneous,  not by accident, but by the legacy of decades of exclusionary zoning and economic sorting.

Political scientist Lilliana Mason describes this as “stacked identities”: when racial, cultural, and political sameness overlap so tightly that disagreement becomes an anomaly rather than the norm.

In those environments, misinformation doesn’t just survive, it enjoys the comfort of repetition.

When a community hears the same narrative from neighbors, schools, churches, and local media, the narrative becomes common sense, regardless of its accuracy.

Consensus replaces evidence.

Repetition replaces inquiry.

The familiar becomes the truth.

It is hard to learn something new when everyone around you is rewarded for knowing the same old thing.

Sociologist Matthew Desmond, writing about eviction and poverty, notes that those who never interact with state power directly often imagine it incorrectly. This applies equally to immigration, policing, social services, and crime.

If you have:

  • never been profiled

  • never been detained

  • never needed a public defender

  • never struggled with rent

  • never lost a job and then a home

  • never relied on public transit, public aid, or public housing

…then your understanding of those systems will naturally be theoretical. And when something is theoretical, it’s easily moralized.

Distance makes judgment feel like insight.

This isn’t insight so much as interpretation filling in for lived experience.

This is where a familiar vocabulary enters the conversation, usually delivered with confidence and rarely interrogated.

Law abiding citizens.
Good neighborhoods.
Family values.
Doing things the right way.

These phrases are not descriptions; they are credentials. They function less as moral principles than as proof of belonging, signals that one lives in the class of people for whom the law feels neutral, the neighborhood feels protected, and mistakes are treated as anomalies rather than indictments. The language sounds ethical, but it is fundamentally positional. It tells you where someone stands in relation to enforcement, not how enforcement actually works.

When these phrases are repeated enough, they stop describing behavior and start justifying outcomes. They explain who deserves patience and who deserves punishment. They soften structural inequality into personal failure. And because they are spoken from a distance, from lives rarely tested by the systems being discussed, they feel like common sense rather than ideology.

We live in a time when any statute, ruling, or data point can be found in seconds.

Yet as media scholars have pointed out for years, information abundance doesn’t create informed citizens, it amplifies the gap between those who are curious enough to seek knowledge and those who seek a consensus of affirmation.

Suburban communities, because they are insulated from direct contact with state power, often seek information that reinforces their sense of order.

It’s not ignorance so much as adaptation to a life where complexity and nuance rarely interferes.

Why interrogate systems you never encounter? 

Why learn nuance when your life teaches you simplicity?

Why question the law when the law has always worked for you?

The result is what I call “high bandwidth, low comprehension.”

The Wi-Fi is strong.

The conclusions are weak.

Suburbia also claims to believe in capitalism, but mostly as long as it remains abstract. The market is celebrated until it sends a bill. Rising trash fees, higher electricity rates, utility surcharges, suddenly the free market feels like mismanagement. What rarely gets examined is how decades of privatization, guaranteed profits, and corporate consolidation produce exactly these outcomes. Capitalism is embraced as an identity, not understood as a system. The result is a politics where people demand market freedom but expect price stability, oppose regulation but rely on regulated infrastructure, and treat the costs of the system as someone else’s problem.

This is the part that scholars don’t say directly, so I will say it. 

Ignorance is survivable in the suburbs.

If you misunderstand immigration law, it will not be used against you, but it will make for a good heated debate on the Nextdoor app.

If you misinterpret crime data, which most are allergic too, your neighborhood will still feel safe. 

If you misjudge homelessness, you will not be priced out of your home.

If you believe policing is neutral, which most do, your body will never test that theory. 

When being wrong has no consequences, being wrong becomes easy.

It’s not so much a moral failure, so much as the result of a life curated from the outcomes of the policies being discussed. 

But that insulation creates political danger. People who live outside of metropolitan cities are often the farthest from issues, often wield the most influence over it. 

Suburbia is not the villain. But it is where the power of voting exists. It is those areas whose worldview is shaped more by distance than experience. This produces political priorities that often punish the very communities whose realities suburban voters misunderstand. When distance becomes the dominant perspective, the policies reflect the fantasy, not the lived world. And the lived world pays for it.

Suburbia is not ignorant because its residents are unintelligent.

Suburbia is misinformed because it was built to live in a comfortable bubble, and within that bubble comfortability rarely produces curiosity.

Comfort produces certainty.

And certainty, untested by experience, eventually becomes doctrine.

If suburbs want to understand the issues they debate, housing, immigration, crime, homelessness, policing, and inequality, the first step is accepting that distance is not clarity.

It’s just distance.

And sometimes the people who live closest to the problem aren’t “emotional” or “angry.”

They’re simply the ones who know.


References

Massey, Douglas S.
American Apartheid: Segregation and the Making of the Underclass. Harvard University Press, 1993. On suburbanization, segregation, and the structural production of inequality.

Wilson, William Julius. The Truly Disadvantaged. University of Chicago Press, 1987. On spatial distance from institutions and how geography shapes political understanding.

Wacquant, Loïc. Punishing the Poor: The Neoliberal Government of Social Insecurity. Duke University Press, 2009. On moralization, punishment, and governance from a distance.

Sampson, Robert J. Great American City: Chicago and the Enduring Neighborhood Effect. University of Chicago Press, 2012. On collective efficacy, neighborhood stability, and confidence produced by homogeneity.

Mason, Lilliana. Uncivil Agreement: How Politics Became Our Identity. University of Chicago Press, 2018. On “stacked identities” and consensus environments that discourage dissent and inquiry.

Desmond, Matthew. Evicted: Poverty and Profit in the American City. Crown, 2016. On how those insulated from state power often misunderstand how it functions.

Jacobs, Jane. The Death and Life of Great American Cities. Random House, 1961. On urban complexity versus suburban simplification.

Davis, Mike. City of Quartz. Verso, 1990.
On suburban fear, policing, and political power disconnected from lived consequence.

Baldwin, James. The Price of the Ticket. St. Martin’s Press, 1985. On moral distance, innocence, and the cost of refusing proximity to reality.

Julian Lucas is a darkroom photographer, writer, and a bookseller, though photography remains his primary language. He is the founder of Mirrored Society Book Shop, publisher of The Pomonan, and creator of Book-Store and PPABF. And yes he will charge you 2.5 Million for event photography.

You Like to Paint with a Broad Brush

Illustration Julian Lucas ©2025

We were sitting at the furthest table at The Quiet Oyster, oysters on ice between us, the room doing that quiet, self-possessed thing it does when it’s full. A martini crowned with olives individually hand-stuffed with blue cheese and anchovy. A Negroni stirred deliberately with gin, Campari, and sweet vermouth, finished with an orange peel expressed just enough to wake up the bitterness. 

Then the bottle of New Zealand Sauvignon Blanc. Sharp, clean, and praised for its green, flinty notes and depth. Textured and uncomplicated. I poured without asking. That mattered.

We ordered a dozen oysters. Bub’s &  Grandma’s bread, butter. She reached for the lemon. I didn’t. This has
become a known difference.

It was the second restaurant I’d opened, housed in a fire station that had been vacant since the 1990s. Decades of quiet had settled into the walls, and the room carried that patience easily.

She lifted an oyster, looked at it for a second, then said it plainly, without warming up the sentence. 

“You like to paint with a broad brush. You can’t make a blanket statement like suburban art is different from art in metropolitan areas.” A continued conversation from the car. 

There it was. I smiled, mostly because she was right and we both knew it. “I do,” I said. “I just shouldn’t.” She smiled softly with slight funny irritating smirk and took a sip of her wine. “That’s lazy,” she said. “You like to put people in categories.”  I swallowed an oyster, brinier than hers.  “I’m talking about risk,” I said. “About what’s allowed to happen.” She shook her head, not dismissively, just patiently. “Art is art,” she said. “And half the stuff you’re talking about isn’t even that different.” We let that sit while the bread disappeared. But I ordered more bread. Because Bub’s and Grandma’s bread is the answer. 

I brought up a gallery we frequent sometimes. It always comes up. She didn’t hesitate. “Ehh,” she said. “It reminds me of art in Pomona.” My eyes opened wide, like deer in headlights, totally in disbelief.  “And all the nude women in the photos is “snore bore.”  That one landed because I agreed. “It does become redundant. Although very different, the idea, pretending it’s  transgressive.”  “And honestly,” she said, “a lot of the work looks the same at that gallery.” 

But lets remember, the body is one of the oldest tools in art. The question isn’t whether it’s there, it’s why it’s there. The same body once filled churches without apology, long before galleries learned to flinch. I mentioned the Sistine Chapel and Michelangelo’s frescoes are filled with nude figures, prophets, angels, bodies.

But she wasn’t wrong. Most of it blurred together, point and shoot cameras, Kodak Gold, irony worn thin from overuse. Different artists, same visual sentence. Over and over again. But every generation of photographers has its thing. 

There are exceptions,” I said. “Some photographers make photos that’s distinct. There’s history. Weight. Intention.” And to be fair, that particular gallery exhibits work that pushes beyond boundaries.

She gravitates toward the masters. Chuck Close especially—the discipline, the patience, the way the work earns its gravity over time. I love that too. I just tend to lean further forward, toward contemporary work, sometimes lowbrow, where things are still unsettled.

She agreed, but carefully, like she didn’t want that to become a loophole.

We ordered scallop tostadas next. Crisp, delicate, just enough heat to keep the conversation awake. Another bottle of white followed, colder than the first. The Trout collar followed by the Cod Sandwich. 

“And yet,” I said, “I still appreciate what that gallery does. 

She looked at me, waiting.

“They don’t hold back,” I said. “They let the work exist without apologizing for it. They don’t pre edit for comfort. That’s where I always get stuck.

It’s not that every gallery needs to shock. It’s not that everything needs to be out there. It’s that so many spaces, especially the smaller cities east of LA spaces start negotiating with the audience before the art even arrives. Anything that pushes the envelope gets hidden, even when it’s thoughtful. Risk gets diluted. Work that might breathe gets quietly smothered in advance. And for what it’s worth it’s not for shock value. It’s the reality of the artist and its culture. Out here in the burbs, galleries perpetuate the culture war by playing it safe, mistaking restraint for responsibility.

“I’m not saying all art should be the same,” I said. “I’m saying let it live. Let it irritate someone. Let it make someone uncomfortable. Let someone love it and someone else get angry. Art is supposed to make you feel something. It doesn’t all have to behave like a Hallmark card. 

She took a sip of her wine.

“That’s art doing its job,” I added. “Not being agreed upon.”

She didn’t argue with that. 

I brought up other galleries we spend time at on the west side. Imagine if they hid the work in a back office, tucked away where no one could see it. They’d be out of business within a year. So how do these art spaces expect to survive? Is it all just for show, or are they actually invested in the artists they claim to support?

I said what I’m usually not supposed to say out loud. A lot of these places aren’t really galleries at all. They’re frame shops with gallery space attached. That changes everything. When your business is selling frames, the art becomes an accessory, not the point. Photography “doesn’t sell” because it isn’t being treated like work that deserves to be sold. It’s being filtered through caution, through wall color, through what won’t upset the regulars. If photography truly didn’t sell, there wouldn’t be entire galleries on the west side of Los Angeles devoted to it. They wouldn’t survive. The difference isn’t the medium. It’s the willingness to stand behind it.

I asked her what artists had really emerged from the burbs lately. Not Instagram famous for a weekend, but artists with legs. There’s a massive opportunity out here to stop slapping a parental advisory label on everything, to stop sanding down the edges, and instead actually produce artists. Not safe work. Not polite work. Real work.

We ordered a half dozen more oysters because at some point the debate mattered less than staying. The conversation softened, looped back, drifted again. Artists we loved. Work we didn’t trust. Art that felt alive. Art that felt polite.

She glanced around the room, then back at me.

“This place,” she said. “You built it quiet on purpose.”

I nodded.

“See?” she said. “Not every restaurant has to be a club with music so loud you can’t have a conversation with the person in front of you. The 1990s was 35 years ago. 

I smiled because she was right again.

“I paint with a broad brush when I get lazy,” I said. “When I slow down, I can see the difference too.”

She reached for her glass. We didn’t settle anything. We never do. And thats what’s beautiful. 

Some conversations don’t need conclusions.

They just need oysters, good bread, a perfect bottle of wine, and enough trust to keep disagreeing without trying to win. 


Julian Lucas is a darkroom photographer, writer, and a bookseller, though photography remains his primary language. He is the founder of Mirrored Society Book Shop, publisher of The Pomonan, and creator of Book-Store and PPABF. And yes he will charge you 2.5 Million for event photography.

Mary, Joseph, Jesus — and the Corporation That Finally Let Them In

Interestingly enough there are certain cultural rituals that don’t need a marketing department. Las Posadas is one of them. It’s a tradition held together by abuelas, borrowed guitars, paper lanterns, and the collective memory of people who have survived more displacement than most cities are willing to admit. You don’t corporatize a Posada; you just show up, eat a tamal, and try not to sing off-key.

Which is why the sponsorship banner hits with the force of accidental comedy.

Of all things to attach a polished logo to, Athens Services chose this, a reenactment of a couple turned away at every door, a story about refuge and scarcity and community stepping up when institutions don’t. And suddenly, the city’s waste contractor is the presenting sponsor, smiling in the program like a benevolent uncle who never paid rent but always wants credit for the lights staying on.

It’s not offensive.

It’s just… funny.

Funny in that quietly familiar Pomona way, where civic life is so intertwined with contractors, nonprofits, and political nostalgia that contradictions start looking normal. Everyone pretends not to see the seams, but there they are, bright as a corporate neon sign glowing above “Dios te salve María.”

Athens showing up as the presenting sponsor of a Posada feels less like community support and more like a vintage How to Privatize for Dummies book from the 20th century political era, an antiquated, outdated neoliberal austere approach that has consternated anyone paying attention to how power launders itself through culture. It’s the old playbook dusted off for a new audience, hoping no one notices the seams. And if Mary and Joseph tried to make this same journey today, they’d probably have to get past ICE before they ever reached an inn, which somehow makes a corporate sponsor feel less strange than it should.

That’s the thing, the irony isn’t subtle; it’s structural. A tradition born from displacement ends up efficiently underwritten by a company that built its reputation navigating municipal contracts, gatekeeping essential services, and increasing everyone’s trash bill. I’m sure they’d increase Jesus’s bill as well. If they lived in the community. 

And maybe that’s the part worth sitting with, not the sponsorship, but what it reveals. Corporate goodwill once relied on these gestures: sponsor a youth program, donate to a school play, host a toy drive, stamp your name on a Posada. It was the public relations equivalent of placing a warm tortilla over a cold truth. But that era is thinning out. People read more carefully now. They ask who benefits. They ask who controls the story.

None of this makes Athens villainous. It just makes the sponsorship oddly nostalgic, like watching someone reenact a political strategy from the 1990s and assume everyone still falls for it. That’s the humor buried in the moment. The city changes, sort of, the community evolves, and the corporate playbook stays stuck in a time capsule.

And because of that, the result is a kind of civic uncanny valley. A cultural tradition rooted in scarcity and hospitality ends up looking like a polished corporate goodwill. A story about seeking shelter gets repurposed as a branding opportunity. A ritual that has survived colonization, migration, displacement, and assimilation somehow ends up as a line item on a quarterly outreach report. Why? Hasn’t Athens already monopolized the trash game in the city? 

Meanwhile, the community keeps moving. Families show up. Kids step into their papel wings. Elders hum along to songs older than the city’s zoning map. In the actual celebration, none of this corporate choreography matters. And that’s why it stands out, it isn’t about the Posada at all. It’s about the environment the Posada is asked to exist in.

In a city like Pomona, power doesn’t always show up in ordinances or budgets. Sometimes it eases its way quietly into the footer of a flyer. Many times it shakes hands at the door of a cultural events it has nothing to do with, kind of like a book fair at a local urban farm (I really dislike the word “urban”, it’s so passé) hoping repetition will turn visibility into belonging. Or forgetting about the dramatic increase of the trash bill. 

Maybe that’s the real story. Not the trash company. Not the Posada. But the long shadow of a political era that taught corporations to treat culture as an entry point, as long as they brought a check and a tagline. 

A Posada doesn’t need a presenting sponsor.

But Pomona has learned to live with juxtapositions, old traditions and new optics, sacred stories and contractor logos, community memory and municipal economics. We laugh at it, analyze it, roll our eyes, and then keep showing up for the parts that matter.

Because we understand culture started underground and culture will always outlast the sponsors.

It always does.


Julian Lucas is a darkroom photographer, writer, and a bookseller, though photography remains his primary language. He is the founder of Mirrored Society Book Shop, publisher of The Pomonan, and creator of Book-Store and PPABF. And yes he will charge you 2.5 Million for event photography.

Yogurt for Dinner

Ristorante Panorama
By Julian Lucas

The first thing that should be known is that I wasn’t supposed to be in the dining room that night. Executive chefs don’t get to glide through their own openings like guests who wandered in off the street, we’re supposed to be in the back, sweating, barking at the station chefs about ticket times, and pretending we don’t hear every whispered opinion drifting in from the front of house. But the room was glowing, and I wanted to see it breathe on its own.

It was opening night at Ristorante Panorama, a round room built for light, for watching, for being watched.

The lighting was too good, superb.
That warm, amber wash that makes everyone look like they had taken a bath in photoshop, pretty much they looked more interesting than they actually were. I wanted to see the space breathing on its own.

Panorama Ristorante lived inside what used to be the old Tate Cadillac building on Holt Ave, a dreamy mid-century curve of glass and concrete structure that caught light the way some people catch attention, effortlessly.

And that’s when she walked in.

Not alone, she arrived with our mutual friend I hadn’t seen in 6 years, the one I’ve known for twenty-five years but who somehow managed to keep entire universes of his people away from me. He never mixed his circles. He’d hide his friends like precious artifacts. She was apparently one of the hidden ones.

I’d heard about her and her boyfriend 25 years ago.
She’d heard about me for the same time frame.
But timing is a petty tyrant, and it never lined us up until that night.

She stood just inside the doorway, catching the glow. Glasses that made her look like the well read one in every room. Hair falling in that effortless way that’s probably not effortless at all. A plaid scarf soft enough to suggest she actually cares about comfort but has taste. And that expression, interested, intelligent, like she was auditing the room before deciding whether to participate.

We were introduced and exchanged polite smiles. Civilized. Respectful. I was also introduced to her boyfriend from twenty-five years ago, and honestly, I didn’t think anything of it. I made some comments about my interpretation of the food menu and the wine list. When he drifted off, she stayed and we kept talking, easy, natural. But then he came back, cutting the moment short, and she turned to walk away. Halfway through the turn, she glanced back. A subtle double take. Barely a pause, but enough to register in that part of the brain that notices things it has no business noticing.

It wasn’t dramatic, but it was just enough. And “just enough” is usually where real stories begin.

A week later, we ran into each other at a favorite restaurant of mine. She walked up and talked to me like we weren’t two people who had dodged each other’s existence for two and a half decades. The conversation was short, but the energy was different. More open. More intentional. The kind of moment that makes you suspicious of coincidence. 

Weeks passed. Real life did its boring real-life thing, work, deadlines, other people’s noise, until one day Instagram decided it was tired of watching and stepped in. A comment. A reply. 

We just started enjoying each other’s company, quietly, and very consistently. We went to art exhibitions, lingering longer than necessary because neither of us seemed in a rush to go home. We tried new restaurants, the kind you don’t tell people about because you want to keep them yours for a little while. It wasn’t romance, not officially. It was just two people doing what they naturally gravitated toward, art, food, and the kind of conversation that stretches out without permission.

And then we traveled.

Not by car, she hates road trips. The idea of being trapped in a vehicle for five hours makes her want to file a complaint. So our relationship formed in airports instead, which is honestly much more cinematic. There’s something about watching a person navigate TSA with grace that tells you they’re built for partnership.

We flew to places that didn’t care who we were. Ate in restaurants where chefs plated food like religious offerings. We didn't stay out later than college kids at a 10 kegger frat house party with no responsibilities, we were mature enough to go home and watch a movie until I fell asleep from the single glass of suav blanc I sipped. 

Then there was the trip where everything went sideways, delays, lost reservations, rain that came out of nowhere like a prank. We ended up in a tiny bistro, laughing so hard the waiters were probably relieved when we left. That’s when I learned, compatibility isn’t measured in perfect evenings. It’s measured in the disasters you can talk through. You can learn from. Its beautiful.

Traveling with someone is one thing. Coming home with them is another. That’s where the quirks start revealing themselves.

Like socks.

She’d walk in from work, drop her bag, and then fling her socks across the room with the casual accuracy of someone who was once an Olympian in a past life. Wherever they landed, they landed. Near the fireplace, under the chair. It wasn’t performance art, it was tired from a days work.

Then there was the yogurt for dinner thing. A cup of yogurt, sometimes with granola, sometimes not. She’d eat it cross-legged like she was participating in a minimalist cooking show where the whole point was not cooking anything at all. Strangely, these were the nights I felt most close to her. Or sometimes it was steamed broccoli with rice. It was always something healthy for dinner. 

You think you know what love is when it starts, the chemistry, timing, sparks, all the feelings. But you don’t really understand it until the dust settles, until you watch a person move through your space like they belong there.

It wasn’t a grand confession that told me what we were becoming. It was the morning half asleep. The late night conversations that wandered. The quiet car rides where silence felt like companionship instead of distance. Her leaning her head against my shoulder during a rerun. The first, second, and third disagreements. 

And yes, it was that first night too. The opening. The double take. The moment she looked back and didn’t realize I’d caught it. That’s where the whole thing began.

People ask how we met, and I could give the long version, the flights, the art, Mohawk Bend, the socks, the yogurt, but the truth is simple. 

She looked back.
I saw her.
And nothing was the same after that.


Julian Lucas is a darkroom photographer, writer, and a bookseller, though photography remains his primary language. He is the founder of Mirrored Society Book Shop, publisher of The Pomonan, and creator of Book-Store and PPABF. And yes he will charge you 2.5 Million for event photography.

THE SPOOK HUNTERS

Updated December 4, 2025 6:52 AM PST

The Ghost Gang That Built White Los Angeles — And Then Erased Itself From the Story

Spook Hunters Gang
Years Active 1930s-1960s

Criminal Activity
vandalism
fire bombings
assaults
hate crimes
battery

Allies
Other White Racist gangs

Rivals
African Americans & Mexican Americans

Territory
South Gate, Compton, Huntington Park, Watts, Downey, Lynwood, and Inglewood.

THE SPOOK HUNTERS: THE GHOST GANG THAT BUILT WHITE LOS ANGELES

There’s a story white Los Angeles tells about itself. It’s the one where the suburbs were peaceful, the streets were safe, and the neighborhood was “nice” back when people “knew how to behave.” It’s a myth preserved in real-estate listings and Facebook nostalgia groups , and it collapses the moment you mention the Spook Hunters.

In the 1940s and 50s, long before “white flight” became an official demographic trend, the Spook Hunters patrolled places like South Gate, Huntington Park, Lynwood, and Compton, not as a “street gang” in the modern sense, but as a racist youth militia. Their mission was simple: keep Black people out through intimidation, assault, and terror. These weren’t rebels. They were the unofficial foot soldiers of segregation, policing racial boundaries that banks and zoning commissions had already drawn on paper.

They wore varsity jackets. They carried pipes and chains. They hunted, literally, for Black families who dared walk into neighborhoods federal housing policy had already redlined. They chased kids from pools. They ambushed teenagers walking home. They enforced sundown-town rules in cities that pretended they never had them.

And here’s what polite Los Angeles never says out loud, White gangs existed first. Not Black gangs. Not Mexican-American gangs. White gangs, violent, organized, and ideologically driven. The Spook Hunters were not an anomaly. They were a blueprint.

People Think this is in the past and it doesn’t matter anymore. It isn’t and it does matter. When people talk about Compton becoming “Black” in the 1960s and “Latino” later, they skip the part where white mobs enforced invisible borders with violence before any demographic shift. LA County’s segregation wasn’t just written into covenants,  it was enforced with fists. It was teenagers doing the dirty work of racial maintenance.

They saw themselves as guardians. Guardians of whiteness, property, and the mythology of “good neighborhoods.” They grew up, bought homes, joined unions, ran for office, and built wealth.
And the families they terrorized were pushed into underfunded, excluded cities. That gap is structural inheritance, not coincidence.

It was this violence, white teenagers patrolling neighborhoods and attacking Black and Mexican American youth, that pushed those communities to form their own groups for protection. The earliest Black and Latino street organizations weren’t born from chaos, they were born from survival.


Spoke Hunters Gang

The Afterlife of a Gang Has No Archive — Only Evidence
There’s no museum dedicated to the Spook Hunters. No Hollywood documentary. No true-crime series. But their imprint is everywhere. Cities like South Gate and Huntington Park are now over 90% Latino and nearly 0% Black, the demographic scar of mid-century racial violence. Residents still say “that area changed” like it’s a crime scene, never mentioning who created that “change.” City councils across the county still weaponize “property values” as coded language for who belongs. Neighborhoods built on segregation now disguise it as “local character” and “preserving community.”

But Drive east, to Pomona. Not because the Spook Hunters operated there, they didn’t, but because the ideology migrated. White fear didn’t disappear when neighborhoods integrated. It moved. It rebranded. White flight wasn’t an escape. It was a strategy, a redistribution of whiteness across Los Angeles County. Pomona absorbed the aftershock. Panic over apartments, nostalgia policing, and the quiet assumption that safety is a racial commodity.

Everyone in Southern California understands the stereotype, gang violence is Latino. Or Black. Reporters treat it like weather, predictable, racialized, inevitable. But where are the white gangs? Where are the documentaries? Where are the police panels? Where’s the moral panic? They existed.
They were documented. They shaped entire cities.

And yet, white gangs were never branded as public-safety threats. They were “rowdy boys,” “kids protecting their neighborhoods,” “teenage antics.” Their violence was allowed to age into respectability.

The Spook Hunters got memory-holed into polite euphemisms like:

  • “changing demographics”

  • “the neighborhood went downhill”

  • “we moved for the kids”

And the white gangs in and around Pomona, the ones who fought Mexican-American youth in the 1950s–70ss, vanished entirely from the official record. It wasn’t simply forgotten. It was left out. Because acknowledging white gangs requires saying the part LA has spent 70 years avoiding.

California Eagle News Paper
Los Angeles, California • Thu, Apr 7, 1960Page 4

California Eagle News Paper
Los Angeles, California • Thu, Apr 7, 1960Page 4

The California Eagle documented Spook Hunter violence in real time, Black teenagers beaten, chased, and ambushed when they crossed into “white” areas, while police openly ignored the gang’s attacks. One Eagle report noted that officers stopped Black kids “to tell them to go back to their side of town,” yet “the Spook-Hunters come into Negro territory and are not molested by police.” Meanwhile, white officials publicly insisted the gang was “only rumor,” claiming they could find “no evidence” despite widespread community testimony. It was the perfect blueprint for how white violence gets erased: the attacks were real, the victims were real, but the archive was sanitized. The denial wasn’t ignorance, it was strategy.

White people didn’t flee the gangs, they were the gangs. And they got to grow up, buy property, and write the history.

The Erased White Gangs of Pomona
Pomona’s gang history gets told like only Latino or Black neighborhoods ever existed. The lists are always the same. Lavarne, 12th Street, Cherryville, HTR, Sin Town, and Ghost Town, the usual shorthand. But older Mexican American families remember something else. White kids patrolling streets. White male youth starting fights. Groups of white youth that looked, acted, and operated like gangs, even if the city refused to call them that.

There are scattered oral histories describing white youth groups in mid century Pomona, informal collection, most likely with comb-overs hair cuts who clashed with Mexican-American teens long before the city’s modern gang narratives took shape. These groups never received names in police reports, never appeared in gang injunctions, and were eventually folded into suburbia as the city changed. Hollywood even captured this kind of racial conflict in Gang Boy (1954), a film centered on a white gang and a Chicano gang, a reflection of the era’s tensions that Pomona and many nearby cities quietly absorbed but never officially documented.

White violence gets written out. Latino violence gets written in. And that editorial choice becomes public memory. Here’s where the relevance snaps into focus. The Spook Hunters didn’t create modern white nationalism. But they were an early, local expression of the same instinct, protect whiteness through space, fear, and force.

The names change, segregationist mobs, neighborhood-defense gangs, suburban anti-housing groups, the alt-right, but the impulse remains, claim the street, define who belongs, punish intrusion.

Today the weapons look different. It’s HOAs policing renters, anti-housing coalitions defending “neighborhood character”, Nextdoor app panics about “suspicious Black or Brown teens” Facebook patriot groups rehearsing vigilante fantasies, and Zoning meetings that sound like coded segregation meeting.

The Spook Hunters didn’t disappear. They were promoted. Their grandchildren aren’t carrying chains, they’re carrying out voting blocs, school-board takeovers, and anti-housing crusades. The violence evolved. The logic didn’t.

The Generational Lineage: From Silent Generation Fists to Boomer Policy

The Spook Hunters weren’t Baby Boomers, they were their parents. Most Spook Hunters were teenagers in the late 1940s and early 1950s, part of the Silent Generation, the friends and their ally’s that enforced segregation with fists while the country pretended to be “postwar and peaceful.” They patrolled streets, defended racial lines, and punished intrusion. Then they grew up, bought homes, and entered civic life just as their children, the Baby Boomers, were coming of age.

And this is where the violence shapeshifts. The Silent Generation used pipes and chains.
The Boomers used zoning meetings, PTA boards, and real estate law. The children of the Spook Hunters didn’t need to swing anything. They inherited safe neighborhoods, rising property values, and the political language to keep it all intact. “Good schools,” “quiet streets,” “neighborhood character,” “property values,” “keeping things the way they used to be”. They were the polite vocabulary of the same racial boundaries their parents enforced with brute force.

One generation patrolled the block. The next one codified the block into law. The ideology never died.
It just got a mortgage and grandchildren.

People imagine white nationalism as a Southern export with hoods, crosses, Confederate ghosts drifting through the smog and bad air the further you go inland. But lets not forget California has its own lineage, a state shaped by pro-Confederate settlers, suburban borders that appear polite, but come with a territorial instinct that is on full blatant display on the Nextdoor apps and community Facebook groups across America.

The South had the Klan. Los Angeles had white teenagers in letterman jackets swinging pipes at Black kids walking home from school. The most dangerous thing about the Spook Hunters is not that they existed.
It’s that they were never interrogated.

Their violence was absorbed as, neighborhood pride, “good schools, and safe communities. I would call this segregation with manners.


The Past Isn’t Past — It’s Policy

When people say “those days are over,” remind them, zoning still enforces racial boundaries
HOAs still police who belongs, neighborhoods still weaponize, “safety”, and housing policy still protects whiteness.

The Spook Hunters never needed to join the Proud Boys. They didn’t need tiki torches or swastikas. They won when the system adopted their logic.

The ghost of the gang is still here. Some of them show up in the comments, tossing out racist tropes on Nextdoor. Others sit on city councils and state senates, some serve as commissioners, and plenty call themselves Democrats or Republicans depending on what helps their political agenda.

Unless people name it, plainly, we’ll keep pretending the only gangs that shaped Los Angeles were the ones easy to criminalize. The truth is simpler and uglier. One gang grew up and inherited the city. And we’re still living inside its territory and their reality.

History doesn’t disappear. It just waits for someone to name it again.

LAist — Mentions Spook Hunters as the first major white gang terrorizing Black and Latino families.
Saving Places — Documents white youth patrols and Spook Hunter activity in Compton and South Gate.
California Eagle (1950s) — Black newspaper reporting assaults, intimidation, and white mobs.
LA Civil + Human Rights Dept. — Notes white youth gangs predating Black gangs.
StreetGangs.com — Frames Spook Hunters as the racist predecessor to modern Black gangs.
Cornerstone Journal (UCR) — Academic documentation of white youth gang violence.
Gang Boy (1954) — Rare depiction of white vs. Chicano gang rivalry.


TIMELINE

1930s–1940s — White-only covenants dominate LA.
1940–1955 — Spook Hunters patrol South Gate, Lynwood, Huntington Park, Compton.
1954Gang Boy (white vs. Chicano gangs) released.
1960s — White flight expands east into Whittier, Claremont, Pomona, Covina.
1970–2000 — White gangs disappear from public memory; Latino/Black gangs dominate headlines.
2010s–2020s — The ideology resurfaces as alt-right suburbia, anti-housing politics, and racialized “neighborhood watch” culture.


SOURCE NOTES
California Eagle archives
LAist, “How Compton Became the Violent City of Straight Outta Compton”
National Trust for Historic Preservation, “Recognizing Compton’s Historic Legacy”
LA Civil Rights Dept., “African American Experiences in Los Angeles”
StreetGangs.com (Alex Alonso)
Cornerstone Journal, UCR
Gang Boy (1954)


Julian Lucas is a darkroom photographer, writer, and a bookseller, though photography remains his primary language. He is the founder of Mirrored Society Book Shop, publisher of The Pomonan, and creator of Book-Store and PPABF. And yes he will charge you 2.5 Million for event photography.

Pomona City Council Quietly Reverses Course on Rent Cap Ordinance

Updated 10/31/2025 6:11 am PST

Illustration by Julian Lucas

A week after the Pomona City Council quietly rejected a second reading of the city’s rent-stabilization ordinance, residents are still waiting for an explanation. The Oct. 20 vote, taken by computer, without discussion, blocked a measure that would have made Pomona’s temporary rent cap permanent.

Four councilmembers voted with property, not with people.

Pomona’s housing fight came to a head again Monday night. The City Council voted 3–4 to reject the second reading of Ordinance No. 4359, a measure that would have made the city’s temporary rent-stabilization law permanent.

According to city of Pomona archived city council meeting video review by The Pomonan, the council voted 3–4 on October 20 to reject the ordinance. Official minutes have not yet been released by the City Clerk.

Mayor Tim Sandoval, along with council members Victor Preciado and Nora Garcia, voted yes.

Debra Martin, Elizabeth Ontiveros-Cole, Steve Lustro, and Lorraine Canales voted no, blocking the ordinance.

The measure would have given renters long-term stability in a city where nearly half of all households rent. Instead, Pomona remains under the temporary protections first passed in 2022.

Sandoval says he plans to bring the ordinance back, without the rental-registry component. Not out of appeasement, but because he’s searching for a version that can survive a council split between homeowners and the renters they represent. But good intentions don’t outvote a class majority.

In past debates, opponents called rent control ‘too costly’ and ‘too bureaucratic,’ pointing to the $82,000 cost of the city’s rental-registry software. There was no discussion this time, just a quiet, digital vote that said enough.

This wasn’t about software. It was about priorities.


All four “no” votes came from those who have other property or lean in the favor of landlords.
This is class alignment.

Debra Martin is part of Pomona’s old guard, a returning councilmember whose politics protect property values over people. Public reporting indicates she owns property in Pomona.

Steve Lustro, a longtime city planner, speaks in procedure, but votes to keep things as they are.

Elizabeth Ontiveros-Cole often frames herself as an advocate for small landlords, repeating the same government overreach lines that have echoed through city politics for decades.

Lorraine Canales, newer to the council, leans conservative and votes like it — protect property, stall change, calls it caution, a pattern visible in her recent votes.

Lets not forget, California’s Proposition 13 already handed home and property owners a permanent tax break while draining public revenue from schools, housing, and city services. Renters have been paying the difference ever since. Monday night was another reminder of how that story plays out locally, how policy, comfort, and silence all work together to keep things exactly as they are.

Pomona doesn’t need another temporary fix.
The city needs honesty and courage, and a new council willing to take risks, not the old guard, or the new guards clinging to old ideas.


Update October 31, 2025

The Pomona City Council is set to revisit rent stabilization on Monday, November 3. The revised ordinance maintains the 5 percent annual rent cap but removes the rental-registry system that would have tracked increases and ensured compliance. It also adds a December 2026 sunset clause, meaning protections will expire unless renewed by future council action.

The new draft also expands landlord exemptions and broadens the definition of “nuisance,” which tenant observers warn could make the law harder to enforce and easier to evade. Critics argue that, without a registry and permanent timeline, the ordinance keeps the cap in name only—leaving renters to police the system themselves.

Read the proposed ordinance and staff presentation:


The Pomonan editorial board consists of opinion journalists whose perspectives are shaped by their expertise, research, discussions, and established principles. This board operates independently from the newsroom.

The Concrete Classroom: Why Marginalized Public School Kids Got Asphalt Instead of Grass

Walk onto almost any public schools in historically disinvested neighborhoods in Southern California and you’ll see the same thing, blacktop with a few painted circles, heat bouncing off every inch of it. No trees. No softness. Just the sound of kids playing on the pavement and the smell of tar in the hot sun.

This isn’t a coincidence. This has happened because that’s how schools for marginalized kids have been built, cheap, easy to maintain, and disconnected from nature.

Studies show that the pattern is national, not local. Across the United States, public schools in low-income Black and Latino neighborhoods are far more likely to have asphalt yards and little to no tree canopy. The Guardian reported that 36 percent of U.S. students attend school in urban heat islands, with the worst conditions concentrated in poorer districts.

Moving from the South Side of Chicago to Inglewood in 1980, we played “throw up tackle,” basically rugby we just didn’t know the formal name. Either way, it was on asphalt. When the school took the balls away, because of fear we would get hurt, we just saved the foil covering from our lunches and combined them large enough to make a ball. That was recess, heat, concrete, and a kind of creativity born out of neglect.

Forty years later, the paint is brighter, new murals appear on school walls calling it progress, but the ground never changed.

Heat that Literally Burns

The UCLA Luskin Center conducted a study showing how hot playground surface can get. School playgrounds could reach up to 160 °F, hot enough to burn skin in seconds. On a 90 degree day, grass stays around 95 °F, asphalt hits 150, and rubber turf can climb to 165. The EPA has also recorded conventional asphalt at 152 °F by midday.

That’s the reality for thousands of students in public schools in working class districts, mostly Black and Latino, whose schools double as heat islands. The same schools that can’t afford air conditioning are hard boiling kids from the ground.


What Greening Really Means

People talk about “greening” schoolyards like it’s a beautification project. It’s not. It’s called infrastructure, and it’s long overdue.

Sharon Gamson Danks of Green Schoolyards America says it plainly, “This is a long term infrastructure problem. It’s actual infrastructure, on par with highway building.”

Green Schoolyards America explains why this work matters:

“Living school grounds are richly layered outdoor environments that strengthen local ecological systems while providing place based, hands-on learning resources for children and youth of all ages.” Read More

Their mission is simple, but radical in its implications:

“All children have daily access to nature on their school grounds, supporting dynamic hands-on learning across the curriculum and grade levels, child directed play, student health and well being, and a positive social environment.” Read More

And she’s right. We have built highways through Black neighborhoods but never bothered to plant shade trees where their children learn. Read More

Now, a few places are trying to fix that.

Buchanan Elementary in Highland Park: North East Trees tore out 400 tons of asphalt and planted 150 trees, fruit bearing, shade casting, humanizing.

Washington STEM Magnet in Pasadena: Amigos de los Ríos turned a bare yard into an outdoor classroom with pollinator gardens and bioswales. “Green space doesn’t just support childhood development, it supercharges it,” said Arbor Day Foundation CEO Dan Lambe.

Even Pasadena school board member Tina Fredericks once made the point clear with a thermometer, asphalt at 157 °F, grass under an oak at 82. California has finally put money on the table, $150 million for “schoolyard forests.” LAUSD has a goal of 30 percent tree canopy by 2035. It’s late, but it’s something.

Cities like Pomona, where Measure Y now sets aside funds for youth programs, could follow suit. Greening a campus isn’t about landscaping, it’s about equity, safety, and pride of place.

Because what these spaces reveal isn’t just bad design, it’s a hierarchy of who gets nature and who doesn’t.

The concrete classroom was built to last

And it did, too well. It taught generations of kids to adapt to heat, to fall on pavement, to accept that the world around them would always be hard.

Every patch of asphalt replaced with soil is a small act of correction. Every tree planted is proof that children deserve more than durability, they deserve beauty, shade, and care.

We’ve paved enough. The next generation should learn on ground that breathes back.


Sources

Tina Fredericks, Pasadena Unified School Board
Guest Opinion: Yes on Measure R + Measure EE; Yes to Greener, Cooler, Safe Schools and Competitive Salaries.” Pasadena Now, 2024.

Segregation By Design
Los Angeles: Sugar Hill

Green Schoolyards America
Living School Grounds.”

Our Mission.”
https://www.greenschoolyards.org/mission

UCLA Luskin Center for Innovation
Action Area 3: Protecting Students from Heat Outdoors.” 2023.

CalMatters
Outdoor Shade: California Schools Face Heat Risks.” 2024.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
Using Cool Pavements to Reduce Heat Islands.” 2024.

The Guardian
Asphalt Schoolyards Remade into Green Oases — in Pictures.” 2022.

Governing Magazine
Reimagining Schoolyards to Improve Health and Learning.” 2024.

Environmental Health News
Schools Across the U.S. Are Removing Asphalt to Reduce Heat Risks.” 2023.

Planetizen
Green Schoolyards Gain Momentum Across Southern California.” 2025.

Arbor Day Foundation / The Guardian
LA Schools Are Turning Blacktop into Green Spaces.” 2025.

Julian Lucas is a photographer, writer and provocateur committed to documenting what power tries to hide. Julian is the founder of The Pomonan and founder and owner of Mirrored Society, a bookshop dedicated to fine art books. His work, on the page, in the darkroom, and in the streets, documents what institutions try to forget. He publishes what others try to bury.

Photo Essay: No Kings in Claremont

The calm streets of Claremont filled with a different kind of energy this past Saturday. What began as a national call to reject authoritarianism found its own pulse here, among students, professors, longtime residents, and neighbors from surrounding cities.

Claremonters showed up not with anger but with wit, a peaceful rebellion rendered in cardboard, paint, ink, and marker. The air was calm, the day impossibly clear, but something electric moved through it, an intelligence, a rhythm. The signs were sharp, funny, precise. Each one landed like a line from a book you wish you had written.

There was laughter between the chants, not the laughter of mockery, but of recognition. You could feel people connecting through humor, through fatigue, through the strange joy of finally saying what everyone already knows.

Claremont, often referred to as “Squaremont” or “Clareville,” being defined by its manners and memory, showed another face that afternoon, unafraid to speak, to joke, to challenge the tone of power itself, finally. The photos tell that story, intellect meeting conscience on a sunny boulevard, a protest that sounded like thought made visible.

Take a stand, Claremont, you’ve earned a couple of protest stripes.


Julian Lucas is a photographer, writer and provocateur committed to documenting what power tries to hide. Julian is the founder of The Pomonan and founder and owner of Mirrored Society, a bookshop dedicated to fine art books. His work, on the page, in the darkroom, and in the streets, documents what institutions try to forget. He publishes what others try to bury.

Country Clubs Get Breaks, Families Sleep in Cars

In my last article, California’s Housing Crisis Isn’t Just Scarcity, I argued that California’s housing crisis is not simply about scarcity, and that scarcity did not appear by accident but was manufactured through decades of policy choices like Proposition 13, privatization, and racial exclusion. If we want to understand why housing is unaffordable today, we need to look closely at who those policies have advantaged.

Proposition 13, passed in 1978, was sold as a way to shield homeowners from rising property taxes. But more than four decades later, the biggest winners are not retirees like my mom trying to hold onto their homes. They are elite institutions like country clubs. The Los Angeles Country Club, sitting on land valued at more than $8 billion, continues to pay property taxes based on 1970s assessments (Los Angeles Times). While affordable housing funds dry up, California still subsidizes golf courses for the wealthy.

When Prop 13 passed, the city of Pomona had its own fire department, so fire costs remained the city’s responsibility through its general fund. Later, when Pomona contracted with LA County Fire, the bill still had to be paid directly from that general fund, the same budget that also covers parks, libraries, and housing. Wealthier cities that had county fire service before Prop 13 saw those costs absorbed into property tax revenues, while cities like Pomona, Commerce, and San Fernando were left paying out of already stretched city budgets. That’s how arbitrary the winners and losers of Prop 13 have always been (Los Angeles County Fire Department, Los Angeles Times, 1986).

Whenever inequities are raised, some people are immediately turned off. Others will say, “But Prop 13 helped me,” as if that ends the conversation. I get it, my mom benefited, and as a retiree with a fixed income she’s able to hold onto her home. But personal benefit doesn’t erase the bigger picture. The same protections that gave her stability also gave billion-dollar country clubs and corporations a windfall, while younger families and renters were left to pay the real costs. We can hold both truths at once: Prop 13 helped some, but it hardened the divide for everyone else.

It doesn’t end there. In 2020, voters passed Proposition 19, pitched as a fix to Prop 13. It closed one loophole on inherited vacation homes but left others wide open. Proposition 19 does allow a primary residence to be transferred from parent to child without reassessment, but only if the child makes it their primary residence and the market value stays under an assessed-base-plus-$1 million cap (adjusted for inflation). Transfers exceeding that cap, or where the child doesn’t move in, face reassessment.

Trusts shelter properties, freezing tax bills while Californians face rising costs that widen the wealth gap.

This is neoliberalism at its finest, a model embraced by both parties since the late 1970s, where public resources are drained to protect private wealth and market solutions are treated as the only answers. Prop 13 was never neutral; it redistributed wealth upward and starved local governments. Prop 19 did not change that dynamic.

The same logic extends to corporate ownership of housing. Since 2018, corporations and investors have been buying up a growing share of homes. By early 2022, investors accounted for 28% of all single-family home purchases nationwide (Washington University Law Review). In the first quarter of 2025, investors were behind nearly 27% of all home purchases, a five-year high (Associated Press).

California’s overall numbers are smaller — large institutional investors own less than 2% of the state’s single-family housing stock (CalMatters). But a small share doesn’t mean small impact. When investors control the margins of the market, outbidding families with cash offers and locking in Prop 13 protections, they tilt the system in their favor.

Conventional buyers have also been sidelined. With mortgage rates high and home prices out of reach, many families are forced to wait, reducing competition. That opened the door for smaller investors with cash on hand to move quickly, outbidding households and gaining the same advantage.

For decades, California has chosen privatization over public responsibility. We abandoned public housing, slashed affordable housing budgets, and outsourced solutions to private developers and politically connected nonprofits. Prop 13 locked in low taxes for those who already had property. Prop 19 tinkered at the edges while protecting inheritance loopholes. And now corporate landlords are consolidating ownership and squeezing families.

Some argue the solution is deregulation. But California proves otherwise. Deregulation without deeper reform only benefits those already in power: developers, country clubs, and corporations. It does not address who reaps the rewards and who is locked out.

If California is serious about equity, the next chapter must look different. That means reassessing Prop 13’s protections for country clubs. It means closing inheritance and trust loopholes left intact by Prop 19. It means limiting corporate ownership of single-family housing and bulk purchases that push families aside. And it means reinvesting revenue into public and social housing, so homes are treated as places to live, not commodities to flip.

We are becoming a sharecropper nation, families paying more each year just to stay housed, while ownership and wealth are locked away by outdated tax protections and corporate landlords.

California has land and wealth. What it lacks is the will to stop protecting country clubs and corporations at the expense of families. Until we confront that reality, scarcity will remain less a fact than a choice. The real choice is whether we finally invest in public and social housing, or continue to protect country clubs while families sleep in cars.


Julian Lucas is a photographer, writer and provocateur committed to documenting what power tries to hide. Julian is the founder of The Pomonan and founder and owner of Mirrored Society, a bookshop dedicated to fine art books. His work, on the page, in the darkroom, and in the streets, documents what institutions try to forget. He publishes what others try to bury.

A Conversation Between “What is the Role of the Academic During Genocide?” and “On the Need to Organize Against Professionalization and Co-Optation in the Academy"

UCLA pro-Palestinian Protest May 1, 2024
Photography ©Julian Lucas

Noor Harmoush

Since Israel escalated its military offensive against Gaza in October 2023, university students across the United States have grappled with their role amid this harrowing moment of genocide. The veil has been lifted, and we are painfully aware of the contradiction in our own position as university students. We pay to attend institutions that use our money to financially support the very systems of violence and oppression that we are fighting against. We devote hours to reading and writing about postcolonial theory and critical discourse, while our universities are materially invested in colonial projects and racist endorsements. And when we speak out about the moral and material inconsistencies we see in our faculty and administration, we are met with apathy–or worse, we are punished. 

Historically, university campuses have served as sites of resistance, embodying both material and ideological forms of protest. Practices such as encampments, boycotts, and hunger strikes are part of a long-standing tradition of academic insurgency, situated within a legacy of reclaiming institutional space to demand social and political accountability. Scholars like Frantz Fanon, Edward Said, and Noam Chomsky played pivotal roles in the intellectual resistance against hegemonic narratives. Their work challenged colonial epistemologies, interrogated the ways in which institutional powers dominate our cultural and political spheres, and deconstructed the media’s role in manufacturing public consent. It is through their radical scholarship that the Humanities evolved not as a neutral field, but as a site of contestation–a space where we rigorously question and reclaim. It is in this historic spirit of radical resistance that I anchor myself as an “academic” during this time of genocide. 

Yet, we are living in a moment of the devolution of the academic. 

While academics of the past reimagined the world order and fueled political movements through their scholarship, today, academics have become ambivalent, or even disconnected from their radical origins. Today, academics make vague statements of solidarity with justice and freedom, but these statements rarely come with any real sacrifice. Quite the contrary–the academic remains comfortably embedded in institutional systems that perpetuate cycles of violence and oppression. The academic may engage in “dialogue” about said system, but will lean into “nuance” and “complexity” to appear more palatable or intellectually rigorous. The academic sidesteps accountability for their harmful role within these systems. In fact, the academic often benefits from upholding the status quo of these systems–say, by a very coveted bullet point on their CV. 

What is the role of the academic during genocide if not to accurately identify it as such? What is the role of the academic during genocide if not to critique the distractions that obfuscate the reality of genocide? What is the purpose of research, publications, and conferences if we are merely regurgitating discourse, lacking any synthesis of our reality? 

Conferences like the Pacific Ancient and Modern Language Association (PAMLA) are a perfect example of the tragedy of the pontificating academic. A proposed “special panel” for the 2025 conference, titled “A Duel Between Memories: Israel and Palestine,” highlights this problem. 

I wrote a letter to the panel’s presiding officers and the Executive Director of PAMLA (linked here) outlining my concerns about this panel. My main argument is that the panel’s description diverts attention from the genocide in Gaza, misconstrues the aggressive nature of the Israeli colonial project, and ultimately causes more harm to the Palestinian plight for liberation. At the time that I wrote the letter, Israel’s starvation campaign against Palestinians living in the Gaza Strip was well underway. Since then, the situation has become even more inhumane and dystopian. I argue that the panel is not only ideologically dishonest but also incredibly inappropriate, insensitive, and irresponsible–that is, to encourage a sort of “dialogue” about “opposing memories” while Gaza’s extermination is being captured live, through videos, photographs, and testimonials. 

One must ask: What academic merit, or moral value, is there in discussing “opposing memories” or “both sides” when hundreds of Palestinians are being murdered by Israeli forces each day? As Mohammed El-Kurd puts it, how can there be room for debate in the presence of burning flesh?

Moreover, how can an organization like PAMLA, whose statement on Diversity, Inclusion, and Equity outlines their commitment to “anti-racist and anti-prejudicial” scholarship, host a panel that normalizes Zionism through an exploration of “Israeli memory” in juxtaposition to “Palestinian memory”? It is absolutely absurd to champion a “postcolonial” slogan and its associated buzzwords while also platforming discourse that obstructs the reality of modern-day colonialism. Israel is a settler-colonial regime that is built on an ethno-national ideology of extermination and land theft, which, by any contemporary standards, is very racist and very prejudiced. 

How are we, academics, missing the mark this badly? The ideological framework of the Humanities has been corrupted, be it by neo-liberal agendas, a whitewashing of anticolonial theory, or covert (sometimes overt?) complicity in systems of racism and imperialism. PAMLA, like many other academic organizations across the country, is an example of how liberatory theory is strategically co-opted to advance the rhetoric–and often the agenda–of dominant and oppressive power structures. Academics have devolved into agents of the academic machine and its institutional powers. We’ve not only lost our moral compass, but we clearly lack an understanding of ideology and its connection to the material world. 

I requested that the panel be removed from the 2025 conference, or at the very least, be reframed to critique Zionist media and narratives from the perspectives of Israelis and Palestinians. 

After sending the letter and a petition with signatures of support from colleagues in the academic community, I received a response from the Executive Director, nearly three weeks after I had sent my initial letter:

“The Pacific Ancient and Modern Language Association (PAMLA) has received your request to remove a panel from our PAMLA 2025 Conference schedule.

We have carefully reviewed your request and determined that, in consonance with our Code of Conduct, we will continue to host the panel at PAMLA 2025.” 

This lack of thoughtful engagement from PAMLA’s leadership and the panel officers reflects a bad-faith approach to academic integrity. I did not merely request the removal of the panel; my letter sought to highlight a serious mistake we are making as academics–using our positions and resources to promote “both sides” rhetoric at a time of historic and monumental failure to distinguish right from wrong and humanity from insanity. PAMLA arrogantly missed an opportunity to foster “ongoing introspection and continual striving” that they proudly spout in their Diversity, Inclusion, and Equity statement, illustrating, yet again, the ways in which social justice jargon is thrown around for the sake of theatre. 

Is this really all we can expect from the academic? A mere puppet, spouting empty rhetoric? The failure is a collective one. We’ve forfeited our credibility in the fight for liberation, made a mockery of our discipline and its predecessors, and, most importantly, we’ve let down those who are the most vulnerable among us.


Pomona College pro-Palestinian Protest May 24, 2024
Photography ©Julian Lucas

Gilbert Aguirre

This PAMLA boycott is a model for other academics attempting to navigate institutions with the kind of false liberal morality that permits a panel titled “A Duel Between Memories: Israel and Palestine” during an ongoing genocide, alongside panels supporting Palestinian liberation, or in a more abstract vein, “post-colonial studies” generally. We can’t let academia start and stop at rhetoric, to be, in the words of Gayatri Spivak, just “willy-nilly an idea producing machine.” It is our responsibility as academics to course correct. This means uniting the moral and political intentions of our scholarship with the political work we do in the real world. Thus, from the institutions and organizations that platform our work as scholars, we must be uncompromising and demand that their ethos stay true to our own. If we were to present papers against normalization at the same conference actively normalizing genocidal rhetoric, we would have no legitimacy– there is no abstracting this fact, and we can not fall victim to trying to find excuses under another word: nuance.

The ability of academic institutions to co-opt movements and theories rooted in liberatory struggles can not be overlooked. If the question is, how do we combat the ability of academia to co-opt our work, the answer from us willing to resist co-optation becomes; we need to demand ideological consistency and material transparency from the organizations we use to advance our careers. 

We were proven wrong to assume that an organization tied closely to the liberal politics of the Humanities would stand against genocide. We found an inconsistency, pointed it out, and the façade unraveled. In response to thoughtful emails from members of the CSUSB cohort withdrawing their academic work from the conference, PAMLA’s director Craig Svonkin callously responded with some variation of “I’ve removed you from the program per your request” to us all. This response is qualified as callous because its bare reaction to our articulated disappointment with the PAMLA organization reveals little reflection or understanding of the collective effort and the weight of the decision we made to withdraw our work from the conference. Up to the writing of this document, PAMLA’s lead organizers have not met our good-faith critiques with any substantive response. Instead, we have received sanitized, PR speak emails that skirt around any stated position, other than continuing to stand by their Zionist panel. By skirting around a direct stance, their amoral stance was revealed. PAMLA is another toothless, ‘apolitical’ organization, whose lack of stance is a vehicle for co-optation and normalization.

We have heard that PAMLA, internally, gave greater consideration to our complaints than their emails let on– the rumor is that they will be raising the bar for entry on who is able to propose panels, because the student who proposed the panel is getting their undergraduate degree in philosophy– not a Master's student. If the rumor about raising the qualifications for panel proposals is true, we again see the academic machine finding their own rationale for deniability; The student proposing the panel is the problem, an MA student would moreso understand the audience and political context than an undergraduate. That, however, is bullshit. The student who proposed the panel, our pontificating academic Sebastian Prieto-Keith, is a symptom of the academy operating in a purely ideological world, where genocide is reduced to narrative, and liberatory theory is reduced to a lens of analysis. Raising the bar for submission in the future does not guarantee more academically rigorous panels, or even reduce the likelihood of pro- genocide discourse at PAMLA. Instead, it obfuscates PAMLA’s responsibility, making the Zionist panel the responsibility of the person who proposed it. This does not mean that the mass of pontificating academics who are comfortable arguing about the merits of genocide on stage are not worthy of shame and ridicule. Rather, our frustration cannot stop at these CV-hungry careerists; we must also address the institutions that create and reward these amoral opportunists by giving them panels and calling them scholars–a diluting move which, in turn, delegitimizes those of us who are doing political work in and outside of the academy. The reality is, PAMLA’s organizers accepted this panel, and are standing by its academic merit, on the basis of nuance, which we have discussed is how the pontificating academic can consider the representation of Israelis in Palestinian textbooks in the same room where bodies are being burned. 

PAMLA’s response to our good-faith concerns about their Zionist panel has taught us a lesson; from these organizations we depend on for aspects of our own professionalization, we must demand ideological consistency and accountability. To keep this statement from being empty, liberal sloganeering, we need to emphasize that from our class position–the mass of academics whose donations, participation, and scholarship these organizations completely depend on– if we boycott these organizations whose actions do not align with our values, we can make them fail. Instead of allowing their ideological inconsistencies to delegitimize our scholarship, we can use our scholarship to delegitimize the organizations that feign solidarity but ultimately stand for nothing.

We must fight against academia’s power to co-opt our political work and place it in a field so abstract it becomes toothless– a place so safe from action that work against genocide is placed beside excuses for genocide– a place for pontification; a conference hall. The canonized scholars who have been mentioned, Fanon, Said, Chomsky, Freire, Rodney (the list goes on) stood firmly against academic minutia– if we want to stand against the institutional machine, we must do the same. This means uniting as scholars against the institutions that depend on our labor, loyalty, and funding while speaking from both sides of their mouths. This is the legacy of academic boycotts: a refusal to legitimize institutions complicit in racist, genocidal, and nationalistic violence. Unfortunately, PAMLA is now on our list of unreputable organizations. We are sounding the alarm to dissuade other academics from legitimizing an organization that has revealed itself to be part of academia’s co-opting machine; a machine intent on delegitimizing the work of principled scholars, because the academy has material interests of its own–material interests that are kept safe when our work remains entirely ideological.

We are of the opinion that raising awareness about Israel’s genocide in Gaza has not been enough. As academics, we must bring action back into our field & stand against inaction and normalization. This is a call to all other academics unwilling to gain a CV bump from the institutions that perform solidarity while platforming genocidal rhetoric. All members of the CSUSB English cohort have withdrawn our accepted papers, and we urge other graduate students to stand with us in creating a united front as academics, conscious of our role during genocide, in pushing the institutions around us away from theatre and into action; instead of letting them push us from action into theatre.


Noor Harmoush and Gilbert Aguirre are graduate students in the English Department at California State University, San Bernardino. Harmoush focuses on Composition and Rhetoric, while Aguirre specializes in Literary Studies. Both ground their academic work in anti-colonial epistemologies, challenging dominant narratives and exploring knowledge systems shaped by resistance and liberation.

YIMBY Grassroots or Astroturf?

Who are the YIMBYs? How did they come to amass so much power? And do they have the right ‘fix’ for our enormous affordability housing problem?

Illustration Julian Lucas

Updated 10/02/25 2:06 pm PST

YIMBY *grassroots or astro-turf . . . or both ?

[*astro-turf - an organization that appears to be grassroots, but is in fact funded by multi-millionaires]

This past California legislative season California YIMBY had an inordinate influence on housing legislation. This is not just my opinion, but an opinion shared by major media outlets and YIMBYs themselves who are planning a big victory party at the end of October to celebrate their legislative wins. (Tickets start at $100, going up to $10,000 for sponsors.)

So . . . who or what are YIMBYs?  

YIMBY, the catchy acronym for “Yes, in my backyard!”, has recently notched some big legislative wins. Major outlets like Yahoo News, LAist, and the Los Angeles Times have all reported on the passage of SB 79, a bill that overrides local zoning to promote dense housing near transit hubs. CalMatters called it a landmark shift, while Yahoo framed it as YIMBYs achieving their “holy grail.” The movement itself even celebrated with a victory party.

And so, YIMBYs have self-defined as the ‘good guys’ in a binary fight between good v. evil. The fight is much more nuanced than that, but YIMBYs have gained traction by keeping the conversation about housing simple. Their solution is simply to build more - market rate or affordable housing - it doesn’t really matter.  They figure that if we simply build more, housing will eventually ‘trickle down’ to become more affordable for more people. And the secret to building more? Upzone, that is, override local zoning ordinances. Eliminate local processes at the city level. Bypass community involvement in favor of state-run bureaucracy. Remove environmental review. 

Early on, YIMBYs gained traction with high tech executives and the real estate developers who donated large amounts of money to get the YIMBY movement up and running. According to a 2018 article in Dollars and Sense, “California YIMBY, the first political YIMBY group, was founded with the funding of Bay Area tech executives and companies. Dustin Moskovitz (Facebook, Asana) and his wife Cari Tuna donated $500,000 via their Open Philanthropy foundation; Nat Friedman (Xamarin, GitHub) and Zack Rosen (Pantheon Systems) donated another $500,000. Another $1 million donation came from the online payments company Stripe.” See More

Early on, high tech executives recognized that lack of housing was preventing them from recruiting and retaining the labor force they needed. They also recognized that jumping on board demanding housing deflected attention from their complicity in the housing crisis in the first place. Their high tech workers were rapidly displacing longtime residents, lower income residents and people of color, and the optics were not good. High tech could have invested in workforce housing, but it was cheaper to donate to activist groups like YIMBY. 

And it is not hard to imagine why real estate developers have also donated large sums of money. Deregulation smooths the way for them to build more and grow their profits. 

Deregulation used to be the purview of the conservative right, but the neo-liberals and the libertarians have come to embrace the ideology. They call themselves supply-side progressives - and believe that simply by increasing the amount of essential goods and services - in this case, housing - will automatically achieve progressive outcomes. 

The YIMBYs recently received a big, national boost for their philosophy when New York Times podcaster Ezra Klein and Altantic writer Derek Thompson just released their book this spring, titled, Abundance. The abundance ideology is based upon the precepts of ‘build, baby, build,’ and deregulate, deregulate, deregulate, and that with abundance, affordability will follow. 

The logic of both the Abundance movement and the YIMBYs goes something like this: what’s great for landlords, developers, and the financial institutions has to be great for the rest of us too — at least, that is the YIMBYs’ story, and they are sticking to it.

The beauty (and terror) of supply side progressivism is that it poses a solution to a big complex and difficult problem without disrupting capitalism - in fact, it advantages the venture capitalist who operates in high tech and real estate. And this is exactly how the YIMBYs have managed to amass so much power. They have secured large amounts of money (and organization skills) from their wealthy benefactors.. A simple google search of YIMBY donors yields a plethora of names of CEOs and other high-ranking executives. 

Many - myself included - have been inclined, to think of YIMBY as a grassroots movement, but in fact, YIMBY is actually a shell-game of many richly endowed nonprofit organizations, a syndicate as it were, who lobbies - and lobbies hard - on housing laws aimed at streamlining the development process.

For a start, in California,  the YIMBYs are Yes in My Backyard, California YIMBY, California YIMBY Action, California YIMBY Victory Fund, YIMBY Law, YIMBY Education Fund.

Yes in My Backyard trains people to advocate for more housing in their neighborhoods. Tax-exempt revenue reported for Yes In My Back Yard for 2023, was $2.14M.

Yes In My Backyard is linked to YIMBY Law which reviews public records to identify cities that may be violating housing laws. They inform cities of possible violations and file litigation to ensure cities follow the law and housing is built.

In 2021, YIMBY Law filed its first lawsuit against Simi Valley. Since then, they have filed additional lawsuits in places like Cupertino, Los Angeles, San Francisco, Sausalito, Redondo Beach, Burbank, Burlingame, Culver City, Fairfax, Lafayette, Millbrae, Newport Beach, Santa Monica. YIMBY detractors and supporters alike have called their strategy “sue the suburbs.” YIMBYs have even filed a lawsuit against California’s Department of Housing and Community Development (HCD). Launching lawsuits costs money. 

Yes In My Back Yard also partners with YIMBY Action to create and disseminate resources. YIMBY Action reported revenue for 2023 of $1,592,988 with assets of $1,022,696.

ProPublica: YIMBY Action financials

Then there’s California YIMBY which works with housing policy experts, elected officials, and grassroots organizations across California to craft and pass legislation at the state and local level that will accelerate home building and upzoning.

California YIMBY, tax-exempt, reported $4.49 million in revenue for 2023. Its total assets for that year were $6.89 million.

California YIMBY’s top people make a very good salary. In 2023, President and CEO Brian Hanlon made $335,815; Senior VP Melissa Breach, $224,939; Directors Matthew M. Lewis, $152,330; Robyn Leslie, $138,762; Konstantin A. Hatcher, $137,190; and Edward S. Resnikoff, Robert Cruickshank, Matthew N. Gray, made between $123,091 and $109,973. All actually earned additional income from the nonprofit, amounting to between $17,667 and $6,803 in 2023.

California Yimby is linked to the California YIMBY Victory Fund, a state Political Action Committee (PAC) that supports candidates for elected offices in California. The California YIMBY Victory Fund spends a great deal of money contributing to candidate campaigns - a strategy that appears to be working for them.

California YIMBY Education Fund features reports, maps, ongoing projects, and an extensive research catalog. In 2023, the California YIMBY Education Fund reported over $8 million worth of assets.

There are also any number of local splinter groups. The YIMBY Action website lists 19 in California and many, many more across the US. See here

Not all of the YIMBY organizations have YIMBY in their name. For instance, Streets For All is a fiscally-sponsored project of the California YIMBY Education Fund. And California YIMBY’s President and CEO Brian Hanlon co-founded the California Renters Legal Advocacy and Education Fund (CaRLA) in 2015. Abundant Housing LA works in conjunction with the Abundant Housing LA Education Fund to represent the YIMBY movement in Los Angeles.

Taken together, YIMBY nonprofit lobbying organizations in California post assets of likely more than 20 million dollars.

There can be no better indication that YIMBY’s sphere of influence is rising than the fact that a Congressional Yes In My Back Yard (YIMBY) Caucus, a bipartisan US congressional caucus, was founded in November 2024.

Currently, State Senator Scott Wiener (SF), YIMBY’s champion in the state senate, is making his own bid to move up to the national level. He recently opened a campaign committee to run for San Francisco’s congressional seat currently held by former Speaker Nancy Pelosi. Wiener is perhaps the singular California elected official who is most closely aligned with the YIMBY effort to build more housing and upzone through deregulation, streamlining, and loss of local control.

YIMBYs and this California legislative season
This year and in the last few years, the YIMBYs have lobbied for a large number of bills in California, and this year, their crowning achievement, among other achievements, was the passage of two anti-environmental bills (AB 130 and SB 131) in June, and the probable passage of a Transit-Oriented Development bill (SB 79) that is sitting on Governor Newsom’s desk, right now, awaiting his signing by October 12. All three bills were authored and sponsored by YIMBY-endorsed State Senator Scott Wiener (SF).

The Transit-Oriented Development bill (SB 79) comes as the third part of a one-two-three punch. Governor Newsom essentially paved the way for the passage of SB 79 when he strong-armed our state legislators in June of this bill to pass two anti-CEQA (California Environmental Quality Act) bills by tying them to the approval of our state budget. These bills waived the need for environmental reviews on infill housing projects in our cities. Governor Newsom lauded the passage of these anti-environmental bills, saying it "the most consequential housing reform that we’ve seen in modern history in the state of California.”Scott Wiener on “the most consequential housing reform” – LA Times
Environmental groups outraged by Newsom CEQA overhaul – LA Times

Which brings us to California Senate Bill 79: Housing development: transit-oriented development also known as the Abundant & Affordable Homes Near Transit Act.

SB79 will upzone and override local zoning to allow for the construction of greater height (5, 6, 7, 8, 9-stories) and density (up to 38,000 units in a 1/2 mile radius) near train stops and Metro light rail stations in 8 out of 58 of California’s counties - including Los Angeles.

Mapping the potential impact of SB79

The Potential (Negative) Impacts of SB 79: Transit Oriented Development
While locating housing developments near transit stops encourages people to get out of their cars and encouraging development away from our fire hazard severity zones is necessary, SB 79 brings with it plenty of negatives. 

Primarily, there is the issue of affordability. Basically, only about 10% of the transit-oriented housing will be affordable, the remainder will be offered at market rate.

In addition, if Governor Newsom signs this bill in the next couple of weeks, local residents will no longer have the ability to weigh-in on such matters as setbacks and parking, open space, trees and environmental review, facades, architectural design, traffic and safety for new development for these new developments within a half mile of a train stop. The approvals for development will now come from a centralized intelligence - our state’s Department of Housing and Community Development (HCD). SB79 is basically undemocratic. With SB79, local communities lose their ability to make their city anything but cookie-cutter. As it turns out there is a whole lot more to planning and re-planning a neighborhood than simply drawing a circle on a map.

In a quarter to a half mile radius from a city’s train stop, apartment houses and multi-family housing will receive some protection from demolition - at least until 2030, when the state’s rental stabilization law sunsets - but there will be no protections for single family housing, housing with an ADU, two-on-a-lot, or duplexes.

Historical buildings and neighborhoods will not be adequately protected from demolition. Only 10% of historical buildings on the local registry will be protected. And protecting one building while surrounding it by 5, 6, 7, 8, 9-story buildings is really no protection at all. Housing advocates, including YIMBYs, are often dismissive of the need to preserve historic districts. “Our cities are not museums,” one State Senator said. But the truth is that conserving our historic districts is neither ineffective or irrelevant. As it turns out, our historic districts are not the enemies of diversity, density and affordability, rather, they are often the places that are already meeting these important and legitimate public goals.

 In addition, the waiving of environmental reviews should be deeply concerning to all of us. In the so-called olden days, railway stops were the places for light and heavy industry where workers poured contaminants in the soil, and in some places, these have leached into our water systems. It’s hard to believe that our state government feels that the imperative to build outweighs our need for basic testing and clean-up.

My story, my hometown, my legislators
I only found out about SB 79 and the many ways it could negatively impact my hometown of Claremont, some 35 miles away from Los Angeles in early July - and I definitely came late to the ‘party.’

Unbeknownst to me, all four of the regional elected officials (two of them recently elected) that I spoke with before the vote in early September, had accepted campaign finance money from the California YIMBY Victory Fund.

Claremont City Councilman, Jed Leano received $5,500 for his unsuccessful bid for the Assembly, and Assemblymembers John Harabedian (Altadena to Pasadena to Upland) and Mike Fong (Alhambra to Temple City to Monterey Park) accepted $1,500 and $1,000 respectively. Newly-elected Senator Sasha Renée Pérez (Alhambra to Rancho Cucamonga) accepted $2,500.

Before the California Democratic Club’s Executive Board endorsed SB 79 in mid-August, they accepted $3,500 from the California YIMBY Victory Fund.

California campaign contributions – 2023
California campaign contributions – 2025

Two of my elected representatives, Councilman Leano and State Senator Pérez, endorsed SB 79 on the floor of the state legislatures. Council member Leano spoke before two Assembly Committees in July as Senator Scott Wiener’s ‘right hand’ man; and Senator Pérez endorsed SB 79 on the Senate floor in September right before the State Senate voted in support.

There is an old joke that our elected officials, like Nascar racers, should wear the patches of their sponsors on their coats. If only my representatives had been wearing their YIMBY patches when I met with them, our conversations would have been so much clearer.

On the local scene, on August 18, 2025, Claremont City Councilman Leano wrote an opinion piece for Pasadena Now, promoting SB 79, titled “The Real Reason California Housing Costs Are Outrageous: A Claremont city councilman explains how wealthy residents control housing decisions.” His talking points are basically YIMBY talking points - California YIMBY posted his op-ed on their website and circulated it on their Instagram account.

In it, he blamed the housing shortage on “older, male, longtime-resident homeowners” who he said “dominate” the town meetings in places like Claremont. Interestingly enough, Leano chose not to post his op-ed in his own local newspaper, but in Pasadena, some thirty miles away.

Undeniably, Councilman Leano is right. Whites, historically, are the reason for our segregated California neighborhoods. It happened over the centuries that red-lining, real estate covenants, sundowner towns, the California Native American genocide, Mexican repatriation of 1929 -39, and Japanese Internment of WWII, among other actions, effectively carved out ‘white’ neighborhoods in California.

However, there are definite questions about what is the correct ‘fix’ to systematic injustice. Here, Councilman Leano, by vilifying the very people who participate in his town’s government, is dismissive of the efforts of legions of people who have worked very hard serving on local commissions and committees, building local businesses, maintaining non-profits, in order to create a highly livable, walkable city with trees and parks where people want to live.

Claremont is not really the best example of NIMBYism - though, of course, it certainly exists.. In 2021, Claremont approved its own 25 acre transit-oriented development project (with height, density, historical preservation and open space) after an intense public process. Unfortunately, it has stalled out -for now - not due to local resistance or regulations, but due to problems with property owners and financing. 

While Leano leans heavily on the stereotype of the white boomer NIMBY as the villain of the housing affordability crisis, in truth, there are many factors that interfere with housing construction, including rising material and construction costs, financing problems, private ownership, labor shortages, high interest rates, insufficient public funding for affordable housing, institutional investors buying up large amounts of housing, the failure to develop state-sanctioned development plans with nearby existing airports, along with all the infrastructure, planning, and costs that accompany rapid growth. In the meantime, Claremont is not quite the all-white city that Leano describes. According to the 2020 census, Claremont is now a minority-majority city, with less than half - 47% - self-describing as white.

Claremont, California – Wikipedia
Map of Los Angeles Metro Area (Claremont marked)

Elsewhere, in Councilman Leano’s op-ed, he declares that, “new homes are nearly impossible to build” - a statement that is both hyperbolic and inaccurate. Claremont sits on the edge of the Inland Empire that is experiencing a building boom - with 4-story or higher apartment houses going up all over the region.

According to the Inland Empire Multi-family Market Report, August 2025:

“Supply growth was on track to reach a new peak, with 2,864 units delivered during the first half of the year, while the pipeline remained robust with 9,549 units underway.”

And Cal State San Bernardino’s Housing & Transportation Report – CSUSB:

“Over the past 30 years, Southern California’s Inland Empire (IE), encompassing Riverside and San Bernardino Counties, has experienced rapid growth and economic change. As of December 2023, the region’s population reached approximately 4.7 million residents, making it the thirteenth most populous metropolitan area in the United States and the third largest in California (U.S. Census Bureau, 2024). The region has tripled in population and positioned itself as one of the nation’s fastest-growing areas . . . In 2022, the Inland Empire was identified as the fifth fastest-growing region in Southern California.”

Even in Councilman Leano’s own jurisdiction of Claremont, there are a multitude of development projects underway. Listed on the Claremont City website are: Old School House Development (OSH); La Puerta Development; Clara Oaks Development; Village South Specific Plan (VSSP); Residence Inn by Marriott (formerly Knights Inn); City Ventures Indian Hill Project; TCCS Student Services Building; Olson Housing Project - Descanso Walk; 365 West San Jose Condominium Project; and Larkin Place Permanent Supportive Housing Project.

Just on the other side of the Councilman Leano’s city borders - in Upland, Montclair, Pomona, LaVerne - multi-family apartment housing projects are springing up with astonishing speed. Driving on the 210 from Claremont to Fontana, there are giant swaths of new homes, roof to roof.

So . . . maybe the conversations that we need to have is what California could do to create the housing that people can actually afford. 


Pamela Nagler Pamela Nagler is finishing her book, Unceded Land, Indigenous California and the Foreign Invasions: Spanish, Mexican, Russian, US  1769-1869.

Pomona Considers Flipping the Script on Fire Protection — But At What Cost?

Pomona’s leaders are in talks to do something almost unheard of. They’re discussing handing the city’s fire and emergency services to a smaller suburb. The council calls this a financial decision. For residents, it isn’t abstract. It’s about whether shaving costs matters more than saving lives.

City leaders are now brainstorming either outsourcing services or creating a new joint fire district with La Verne, a smaller suburb one-fifth Pomona’s size, but either path raises the same concerns about costs, accountability, and capacity.

Across the country, the pattern is clear. Large departments absorb smaller ones, or cities pool resources through county fire authorities. Boise covers Garden City. Kansas City covers nearby villages. Bellevue covers Clyde Hill. The current runs one way. Rarely does a city of nearly 150,000 people outsource its most critical service to a neighbor of 30,000. That mismatch alone should give Pomona pause.

Pomona is a working class city. Here, fire and EMS calls aren’t just about putting out fire — though Pomona has a track record of unwanted buildings being burned down. They’re also about chest pains, overdoses, unhoused encampments catching fire, car crashes on Towne and Holt, and the everyday emergencies of families priced out of healthcare. For many residents, firefighters and paramedics are the first responders in every sense of the word.

La Verne doesn’t live that reality. Its fire department has never been responsible for a city Pomona’s size or scale. To imagine it suddenly covering Pomona is to flip the natural order of public safety upside down. It isn’t about whether La Verne has good firefighters, it’s about whether the entire system was ever built for the demands Pomona puts on its first responders every day.

This debate doesn’t exist in isolation. Just two years ago, Pomona’s City Council pushed Measure PG, a tax increase sold as the way to protect essential services. Yard signs sprouted across the city, some with councilmembers’ names. The pitch was clear enough: pay a little more in sales tax and your police and fire services would stay strong.

Councilmember Debra Martin even called Measure Y the “elephant in the room.” It’s a familiar move, most of the council opposed it when voters approved it, and now they’re looking for ways to scapegoat youth funding for the city’s financial troubles. But Measure Y didn’t create this crisis. Decades of quick fixes and mismanagement did.

Voters did their part. They trusted those promises. Now, some of the same leaders are contemplating outsourcing fire protection to a smaller, wealthier suburb which is simply unheard of. It’s understandable Los Angeles County Fire has increased their services, due to inflation, but this would mean the leaders and staff have to be creative in how to continue services with LA County Fire. Isn’t lives more important than money?

Council members talk about savings, but the numbers don’t add up. Here are the unanswered questions Pomona residents deserve clear answers to:

  • Will La Verne use the existing Fire Departments in the city?

  • Will La Verne need to hire? Pomona generates far more calls. La Verne will need to expand its workforce, buy new trucks, and grow its command staff. Will Pomona have to bankroll this contract and expansion?

  • What about equipment? Fire engines cost about $150,000. Over 1 million for ladder trucks etc. Ambulances, radios, protective gear, medical kits, all of it adds up. Will Pomona inherit some county gear, replacement costs will fall on Pomona’s side of the ledger?

  • What about pensions? This is the hidden bill. Will Pomona still owe its share of LA County Fire’s unfunded pension liabilities, even while paying into La Verne’s pension system? Does that mean double obligations: paying for the old system while building the new one.

And now residents are being told the joint Pomona and La Verne plan could require a parcel tax, an added property tax on top of everything else. That flips the story completely. Instead of saving money, Pomona homeowners may be asked to pay more to bankroll a smaller suburb’s fire expansion. A tax increase wasn’t part of the sales pitch, but it’s quickly becoming the fine print.

Then there was Mr. Sandoval. Once again, he used his seat on the dais to rebut residents during public comment. When one speaker suggested the proposal was political, he dismissed it as “nonsense.” He went further, telling another speaker they were “out of line.

Would this be considered a Brown Act violation? Under California’s Brown Act, officials may thank speakers, make brief professional clarification, or ask staff to follow up. City leaders are not supposed to single anyone out or scold residents from the dais. Public comment exists so people can address their leaders without being shut down in real time. Using the microphone to correct or chastise speakers may not only cross a legal line, it undermines the spirit of open government.

Pomona has driven down this road before. It appears that Pomona has always chased the quick fixes, patching holes, and kicking costs into the future, and the result has always been the same, long term debt and broken promises.

The choice before the city isn’t just about contracts, pensions, or budgets. It’s about whose lives are worth protecting, and whose voices count when decisions are made. Working-class families, renters, immigrant, the people who dial 911 most often are the ones who stand to lose the most if this gamble goes wrong.6

Fire protection isn’t just a line item on an agenda. Fire protection is a covenant between a city and the people who live in it. And no city should ever force its residents to choose between saving money and saving lives.


Julian Lucas is a photographer, writer and provocateur committed to documenting what power tries to hide. Julian is the founder of The Pomonan and founder and owner of Mirrored Society, a bookshop dedicated to fine art books. His work, on the page, in the darkroom, and in the streets, documents what institutions try to forget. He publishes what others try to bury.

UPDATE: Is Senate Bill 79 good for Claremont?

In the next three days our State Assembly and State Senate will vote on SB 79, a Housing development bill.

SB 79 was recently amended, and what this now means for Claremont is that if SB 79 passes, the bill would upzone these areas from our train station in downtown Claremont to the following heights and densities:

• Within 1/4 mile – 65 feet (6 stories), 100 units per acre, Floor Area Ratio of 3.0 which means the total built-up area of the building can be up to 3 times the size of the land plot.

• Within 1/2 mile – 55 feet, (5 stories), 80 units per acre, Floor Area Ratio of 2.5 which means the total built-up area of the building can be up to 2.5 times the size of the land plot.

In addition, SB 79 allows for buildings immediately adjacent to our train station to be 8 stories high, with commensurate increase in density.

The proposed Village South development, just south of the train tracks on the west side of Indian Hill to Arrow Highway is 24 acres. Excluding streets, this could mean that the state would allow something like 1500 to 2,000 units at Village South. SB 79 disallows the City of Claremont from modifying that amount of units, providing green space or anything else. The density will be determined by the state, with no local input.

Under SB 79, only 10% of our historic buildings and neighborhoods with that half mile radius can be protected - the rest can be sacrificed.

Yes! to height and density by our train stations. But tell your state senator and assembly member we want to build a better bill.

We can build housing AND preserve historic communities, too.

Senator Sasha Renée Pérez Phone: (916) 651-4025

Assembly member John Harabedian Phone: (626) 351-1917


Pamela Casey Nagler is currently finishing her book, A Century of Disgrace: The Removal, Enslavement, and Massacre of California’s Indigenous People 1769 - 1869.

California’s State Bill 79 and What it Means for Claremont 

The Bill That Wants to Turn Claremont Into Anywhere, USA

Illustration Julian Lucas ©2025

Powering through our State Legislatures is a big, highly-contentious housing bill, authored by San Francisco’s Senator Scott Wiener. If passed, it could have big ramifications for Claremont.

What is California State Bill 79?
SB 79: Housing Development: Transit-oriented Development is a bill that would “up zone” or override our cities’ local ordinances in order to fast-track development one-half mile from our transit center(s). If passed, it would bring more height and density to our cities accompanied by less control over design standards like setbacks, facades, landscaping, trees, roads, parking and open space. Read full bill text here

The bill has not yet been signed into law, but it has already crossed over from our State Senate to our State Assembly, and will be subjected to a floor vote sometime before September 12th. If passed in both the Senate and Assembly, the Governor will either sign it into law or veto it.

SB 79 is being amended as we speak, so there is still time to voice concerns - but the clock is ticking. Assembly Committee meetings are being conducted throughout August.


What would SB 79 mean for Claremont?
This bill could make quite an impact on Claremont’s downtown. If passed, it dictates that within a quarter mile of our train or metro station, a developer could build 5-story buildings, and within a half-mile, 4-story buildings. In addition, Claremont could be subjected to an “adjacency intensifier” which would mean that developments directly adjacent to the transit stop could be 7-stories. SB79 also allows Transit agencies to develop their own properties. In Claremont, that would mean that Metrolink could develop its parking lot on First Street.

This is an approximation of the area in Claremont that would be affected by the passage of SB 79. Within this half-mile radius, the state would allow a developer to put up 4, 5, 7 story buildings with no public input. 

Arguments in favor of SB 79:

California needs more housing and more affordable housing. And it is good for the environment to locate this housing by our transit centers where people have access to public transportation.

Arguments against SB 79:

1. SB79 does not provide preservation for historic buildings which is part of downtown Claremont’s economic model.

SB 79 does not protect historic buildings and neighborhoods from the bulldozer. In Claremont - north to Eighth Street; west to the Claremont Colleges’ wash; south to below Peppertree Square; and east to Rosa Torrez Park - a developer could raze any single-family or multi-family dwelling within a half-mile radius from the transit stop to put up 4 or 5 story buildings. Though Senator Wiener recently amended SB 79 to provide protections for multi-family dwellings, this amendment only applies to cities with rental stabilization laws - and Claremont has none.

Claremont’s downtown economy was built on more than a century’s worth of town-and-gown planning. Historically, Claremont has sustained itself by attracting students to its colleges from all over the world - and by attracting day-tourists who come for our Farmer’s Market, restaurants, shops, art museums, movie theater, college events.

Claremont’s historical society, Claremont Heritage, states that 75% of the people who come to downtown Claremont on the weekend come from someplace else. If we do not continue to develop our downtown with some kind of historical preservation in mind, then we are likely to mess with the formulas that have made Claremont’s downtown successful and sustainable. Losing local control means losing control over our economic model.

Many neighborhoods who oppose SB 79 are neighborhoods of the historically-disenfranchised - like Leimert Park, South Central, Larchmont and Boyle Heights. Los Angeles City Council member Ysabel Jurado, who represents Boyle Heights, where almost the entirety of the neighborhood would be subject to ‘upzoning,’ stated her opposition to SB 79, by saying, “I'm not willing to gamble losing Boyle Heights.” The state legislator who represents South Central maintains that SB 79 would result in gentrification. She says that it would price longtime residents out, forcing them to relocate in more affordable regions inland. Read LAist coverage here | More from CalMatters

2. SB 79 does not have enough environmental protections for developing on land that was previously designated for light industry.

SB 79 poses big environmental concerns. This bill comes right on the heels of recent state decisions to weaken environmental standards for new development. In June of this year, Governor Newsom signed two bills that weaken environmental review standards in order to speed up the construction of housing in California. As a result, urban ‘infill” housing developments — housing built in and around existing development — are no longer subject to the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA).
Read LA Times coverage | CalMatters analysis


When Newsom signed the two anti-environmental law bills into law, he called it the “most consequential housing reform that we’ve seen in modern history in the state of California.” And SB79’s author, San Francisco’s Senator Scott Wiener lauded the action saying that passing these bills was “the most consequential housing reform we’ve seen in modern history”
Read here

As a result of relaxing environmental standards, there is legitimate concern that there will not be adequate environmental review for soil and water chemical contamination. Historically, the areas near railways have been the location for machine and used car shops, body repair shops, light and heavy industry - and ‘back in the day,’ it was not uncommon for businesses to dump toxic chemicals directly into the soil. In some cases, these contaminants have leached into our water systems. With weakened environmental standards, many fear that SB79 will allow developers to bypass toxic clean-up, putting public health at risk - not just for ourselves, but for our children and our children’s children.

3. SB 79 shuts down the public process in favor of developers’ interests.

SB 79 is undemocratic. If passed, the community will lose their ability to voice their concerns on traffic and safety issues, parking issues, ingress and egress for evacuation purposes, environmental impacts, the effect on existing infrastructure - or anything else. All of the power goes to the developer in their pursuit of a profit margin. With SB 79, community needs are sacrificed to developers’ interests.

The League of California Cities has reiterated a common refrain among the more-than-150 cities that oppose the Bill, and that refrain is that the state is mandating development without regard to the community’s needs, environmental review, or public input. On Tuesday, August 19, the City of Los Angeles voted to oppose SB 79. On August 20, Los Angeles Mayor Karen Bass signed on saying she also opposed SB 79 “unless it is amended to exempt cities with a state-approved and compliant Housing Element.”

Understanding the full scope of SB 79 is difficult because there have been countless rewrites and multiple amendments. The League of California Cities recently published a breakdown, warning that the bill is rapidly changing and challenging for cities to keep up with.

One big problem with the bill is that, seemingly, the state legislators are for it, while the cities are largely against it. Los Angeles’ City Attorney Hydee Feldstein Soto, in her letter opposing SB 79, states that “the bill’s provisions impermissibly impose billions of dollars of costs on Los Angeles and other local jurisdictions, undermine local governance, circumvent local decision-making processes, and impose unintended burdens on communities.” She argues that it would cost the city billions to upgrade infrastructure such as sewage and electrical systems to handle an influx of residents. Mayor Karen Bass has also gone on record with concerns, noting in a recent statement that she opposes SB 79 unless amended.

Alhambra’s Mayor, Katherine Lee, in her letter opposing SB 79, adds that even if a city qualifies for one of the bill’s so-called exceptions, it is still required to meet the same requirements for density, whether or not these “make sense for the community.” She questions whether California will ever be able to meet its housing needs through SB 79’s state-driven, top-down, one-size-fits-all approval process, and suggests that what is needed instead is “a sustainable state investment that matches the scale of this decades-in-the-making process.”

Though Claremont City Council member and Senior Policy Advisor of Inner City Law Center, Jed Leano, has spoken twice at Assembly Council meetings in support of SB 79 — as one of only two speakers backing up the bill’s author — the City of Claremont itself has yet to weigh in officially.

Senator Wiener’s team has gone so far as to promise “Paris-style density” for California by eliminating local ordinances — a deeply ironic framing, since Paris is one of the most heavily planned cities in the world. More likely, the Senator is evoking the postcard-friendly tourist districts rather than the congested suburbs struggling with many of the same challenges Southern California faces. LAist recently explored this framing.

If you have your own concerns about SB 79, you can call or write Assemblymember John Harabedian at (626) 351-1917. or a41.asmdc.org/contact


Pamela Casey Nagler is currently finishing her book, A Century of Disgrace: The Removal, Enslavement, and Massacre of California’s Indigenous People 1769 - 1869.


Pomona Saves the Sign, but Kills the Soul

Illustration Julian Lucas ©2025

Googie architecture thrived in the Atomic Age, when America’s imagination was fueled by the space race, roadside culture, and the Jetsons’ gleaming optimism. Rooflines tilted like rocket fins, signs shouted in neon, and every design choice insisted the future wasn’t something to fear but something to be built, loudly, unapologetically, and in public view. To erase that is to chip away at a time when boldness was the default, not a risk.

But new age politicians aren’t interested in bold, they’re interested in streamlining culture until it’s flat enough to fit inside a marketing brochure. They sand down the edges, cut the neon, and sell the past back to you as a caricature of itself. To ignore Googie is to say history never mattered here, and maybe never will.

Pomona has a talent for missing the point. On July 21, the City Council proved it again, voting to preserve the old milk bottle sign on Indian Hill while ignoring the building it belongs to. The Historic Preservation Commission, which exists precisely to weigh in on such matters, had already said the building was historic. The Council didn’t listen. They listened to staff instead.

The result is a familiar scene in Pomona politics, history is flattened into set dressing for a city that can’t tell a story. History preserved only as kitsch. The sign gets to stay, floating in the air like a detached mascot, while the building, a rare piece of mid-century Googie architecture, is left to the mercy of demolition or gut-job redevelopment. It’s a decision rooted not in vision but in small-bore bureaucracy, the kind that confuses preservation with tokenism.

And what’s going up instead? Supposedly, a three-story housing block, cheek to jowl with a strip mall that’s already a hodgepodge of half-dead businesses, including, naturally, a liquor store. Because nothing says urban planning like stacking new apartments beside an outdated strip mall with a discount smoke shop and a nail salon, a barber because we don’t have enough barbers in the city.

The Council will say, they don’t want to override their commission and they care about economic development. They’ll say they’re making room for the future. But anyone with an imagination could see the future sitting right there, in that building, with its drive-thru bones and road-trip nostalgia. The problem isn’t that Pomona can’t innovate, it’s that its leadership can’t imagine innovation outside of the cookie-cutter apartments with “luxury” in the marketing brochure although “affordable” is usually the buzzword that comes before luxury.

Cities with ambition know how to work with their history. They repurpose. They reimagine. They keep the soul of a place alive even as they refresh its face. In Pomona, we get the opposite, leaders who treat their own historic commission like an advisory speed bump.

The milk bottle will stay, smiling down from its lonely perch. The building will likely vanish. And once again, Pomona will trade the possibility of a landmark for the safety of a signpost.

The tragedy isn’t that they can’t see the value. It’s that they never even tried. And that, more than anything, is why this city has gotten to be so corny.


Julian Lucas is a photographer, writer and provocateur committed to documenting what power tries to hide. Julian is the founder of The Pomonan and founder and owner of Mirrored Society, a bookshop dedicated to fine art books. His work, on the page, in the darkroom, and in the streets, documents what institutions try to forget. He publishes what others try to bury.